Extraction, identification and separation of vitamin e and djenkolic acid from pithecellobium jiringan (jack) prain seeds using supercritical carbon dioxide

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dc.contributor.authorChe Yunus, Mohd Azizi
dc.date.accessioned2014-11-18T07:48:45Z
dc.date.available2014-11-18T07:48:45Z
dc.date.issued2007
dc.descriptionPhDen_US
dc.description.abstractCarbon dioxide in supercritical region is employed as a method for extraction and separation of medicinal and toxic component in Pithecellobium Jiringan Jack (Prain) seeds, or namely as P.jiringan seeds. Supercritical fluid extraction was selected on the extraction of valuable compounds from plant parts because it is simple and environmental friendly process. Ground P.jiringan seeds with particle size 215 μm (diameter) and moisture content of 4.27 % were used in this study. The supercritical carbon dioxide extraction conditions considered were temperatures of 40o, 50o, 60o, 70o and 80o C and pressures of 20.68 MPa, 27.56 MPa, 34.47 MPa, 41.37 MPa, 48.26 MPa and 55.16 MPa. The extraction process was conducted for 60 minutes. The vitamin E was identified as a medicinal compound, while djenkolic acid as toxic compound. Methods were developed for the separation, detection and quantification of extracted djenkolic acid by High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) with Ultra-Violet detector. Meanwhile, the separation and quantification of extracted vitamin E was done by Gas Chromatography Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry (GC-TOFMS). Thus, this study has focused on the determination of the supercritical carbon dioxide extraction conditions for the extraction and separation of vitamin E and djenkolic acid compounds simultaneously and to produce high quality finished products which are suitable for the human consumption. The study shows that the maximum overall extraction yield was 8.06 %, at the highest pressure and temperature of 55.16 MPa and 80o C, respectively. In contrast, at lower extraction conditions minimum oil yield was produced. The overall extracted oil yield was increased with increase in temperature at constant pressure. Likewise, the overall extracted oil yield also increased with increase in pressure at constant temperature. The solubility and overall mass transfer coefficient show the same trend as overall extracted oil yield. The maximum solubility and overall mass transfer coefficient are 2.60 mg oil per g CO2 (0.26 wt %) and 0.147 X 10-6 m/min, respectively at the highest extraction conditions of 55.16 MPa and 80o C. The chromatogram analysis showed that the retention time of djenkolic acid standard is 3.503 minute, while vitamin E standard is 1057.20 second. The presence of extracted djenkolic acid and vitamin E were confirmed if their tolerance for the peak about retention time of the standard is in accordance with international standard guideline for GC/HPLC-MS determination of volatile/non-volatile compounds. In addition, the confirmation of vitamin E also was done by similarity match of mass ionization spectrum and NIST library and Willey database with percentage similarity is above 79.0 %. The study shows that extracted djenkolic acid yield, concentration of extracted djenkolic acid and extractability of djenkolic acid increased with increase in temperature for constant pressure and vice-versa. The maximum extracted djenkolic acid yield, concentration of extracted djenkolic acid and extractability of djenkolic acid are 0.37 mg/ g sample (0.037 wt %), 4.587 mg/ g oil (0.459 wt %) and 0.0061 mg/ g CO2 (0.00061 wt %) respectively, at the higher extraction condition of 55.16 MPa and 80o C. However, no djenkolic acid was extracted at constant temperature of 40o C under pressure range 20.68 MPa to 41.37 MPa and also at extraction condition of 50o C and 20.68 MPa. At constant temperature of 50o C and under pressure range of 27.58 MPa to 48.26 MPa, the amount of djenkolic acid extracted is in trace amount. On the other hand, the extraction of vitamin E shows a reverse trend as obtained in the extraction of djenkolic acid. The amount of vitamin E is increased with decrease in temperature for constant pressure and vice versa. Vitamin E can be extracted over extraction conditions studied. The maximum extracted vitamin E yield, concentration of extracted vitamin E and extractability of vitamin E were 0.0046 wt % (0.046 mg/ g sample), 0.246 wt % (2.46 mg/ g oil) and 0.00014 wt % (0.0014 mg/ g CO2) respectively, at the lowest extraction conditions of 20.68 MPa and 40o C. The findings of this study show that if the extracted oil is considered as finished product, the best SC-CO2 conditions is 20.68 MPa and 40o C. On the other hand, the SC-CO2 conditions of 55.16 MPa and 80o C is the best operational if residue sample is chosen as the finished product.en_US
dc.identifier.urihttp://hdl.handle.net/123456789/590
dc.language.isoenen_US
dc.subjectScience pharmacyen_US
dc.subjectvitamin een_US
dc.subjectdjenkolic aciden_US
dc.subjectpithecellobium jiringanen_US
dc.subjectprain seedsen_US
dc.subjectsupercritical carbon dioxideen_US
dc.titleExtraction, identification and separation of vitamin e and djenkolic acid from pithecellobium jiringan (jack) prain seeds using supercritical carbon dioxideen_US
dc.typeThesisen_US
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