Institut Perubatan & Pergigian Termaju - Tesis

Browse

Now showing 1 - 20 of 222

Optimization Of Immunoillstochemistry: Testing For Mlhl And Msh2 Proteins In Colon Tissue
(2005-05)
Muhsain, Siti Nur Fadzilah
Microsatellite instability (MSI) accounts for the development of about 15% of all colorectal cancers. It is characterized by mutations in mismatch repair (MMR) genes that render cells unable to detect errors during DNA replication. Mutations in the MMR genes, MLHl and MSH2 are responsible for the majority of CRC with MSI. These MMR proteins can be detected by immunohistochemistry (lllC). IHC has proved sensitive and specific when compared to molecular analysis of MSI. Nevertheless, generally, there is no published literature as yet on studies of MSI in Malaysia, and specifically using lliC. Before any lliC staining procedure can be done, it has to be optimized. In this study, attempts were made to optimize rnc staining of MLHl and MSH2 proteins using polyclonal rabbit antibody by Biovision on formalin-fixed paraffm-embedded sections of normal colon, taken from resected margins of colectomy specimens. Either Vectastain Elite ABC Kit or DAKO En Vision Kit was used as secondary detection system. The staining procedure was done using different dilutions of the primary antibodies and incubated for different durations at different temperatures. Antigen retrieval procedures were introduced using citrate buffer pH 6 or Tris-EDTA buffer pH 9. The results showed that incubation of sections at room temperature using different dilutions of antibody failed to produce any nuclear staining. Staining with DAKO En Vision was still unsatisfactory, although background staining was reduced. Introduction of antigen retrieval procedure using microwave did not improve results. When incubated at 4°C, non-specific background staining was produced.
Determination Of Epstein-barr Virus In Gastrointestinal Lymphomas (With Special Reference To Non-hodgkin's Lymphoma Of Small Intestine): Study On Malaysian Patients.
(2005-05)
Yunos, Asmah Md
Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) is ranked twelfth among all cancers world-wide, in which it is more prevalent in males compared to females. The aim of the present study was to determine the presence and distribution of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) in non-Hodgkin's lymphomas (NHL) of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) tissue samples obtained from 25 Malaysian patients diagnosed clinically and histopathologically. The gastrointestinal lymphomas analysed in the present study was divided into NHL of the ileocecal (9 cases), NHL of the small intestine (7 cases), NHL of the stomach (5 cases), NHL of the abdomen (1 case), NHL of the wedge ulcer (1 case), NHL of rectum fotic (1 case) and finally NHL of the hemicolon (1 case). The presence of EBV in all of the above mentioned tissue samples, after formalin fixation and paraffin embedding was carried out by using conventional in situ hybridization technology. Two out of 25 cases of NHL of the GIT analysed in the present study, demonstrated positive signals for EBV/EBER. In the first positive case, EBV/EBER signals were located in transformed lymphocytes in the serosa layer of the small intestine (14.3%). In the second EBV positive case, EBV/EBER signals were located in diffuse B-cell lymphomas of the ileocecal (11.1 %). In conclusion, these finding demonstrate a rare association between EBV and lower gastrointestinal lymphomas (excluding stomach).
Factors That Motivate And Hinder Temporarily Deffered First Time Blood Donors
(2017-06)
Darumalinggam, Thane Moze
Background: Blood donation in Malaysia is practised as voluntary non-remunerated. However recruiting and retaining blood donors remains as challenge in transfusion service. Along with that, the deferral rate has also increased. The aim of this study is to understand the motivating and hindering factors, then modifiable deferral rate can be improved especially among those first time donors. Methods: Four hundred and eighty first time temporary deferred whole blood donors from National Blood Centre (NBC), Kuala Lumpur, participated in this study from January 2014 till December 2014. Donors were randomly extracted from Blood Bank Information System by computer software. Based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria, the donors were categorized into 2 main groups of which one group of donor who return for blood donation and the other who did not return for donation after first time deferral. Each blood donor was contacted via telephone and questionnaire asked personally. Questionnaires were developed based on NBC donor criteria guideline and pilot study conducted for validation. Results: From 2010 - 2014, a total of 480 donors were included in this study. As 240 donors who returned and 240 donors who did not return for donation following first time temporary deferral. Donors who return were significantly younger than donor who did not return (29.5 years versus 35 years, p < 0.001). Socio- demography also significantly differs between return and did not return. Females had higher proportion (61.3%) for returned compared to males (38.8%). Singles (68.3%) were more likely to return for donation compared to married donors (31.7%). Relating to occupation; comparing return versus did not return donors professionals (38.8% versus 33.3%), student (26.4% versus 20.4%), general worker (2 1.9% versus 21.7%), uniform body (6.4% versus 9.6%) and housewife/unemployed (6.3% versus 15.0%). Donors who lived in urban areas were more likely to return for donation compared to donors who lived in rural areas (34.6%). Among factors that motivate donors to return for donation are self-satisfaction (25.8%), social contribution (24.6%), peer influence (16.7%), altruism (13.3%), family encouragement (13.3%) and others (6.3%). Factors that hinder donor from return for donation were no time (34.2%), loss of interest (20.8%), scared to be deferred (17.9%), don't know donation site (14.2%), no incentive (7.9%) and others (5.0%). Conclusion: In this study, clearly showed that younger generation, single and professionals from urban areas contributed to higher rate of return donor. Thus focusing on this category of donors to become regular donors will enable us to enhance and improve transfusion service in Malaysia.
Study On The Adsorption DNA On Β-cyclodextrin Coated Fe3 O4 Nanoparticles
(2017-06)
Goh, Ying Hwa
The primary purpose of thi s study is to investigate the adsorpti on of deoxyribonucleic acid onto surface coated magnetic nanoparticles (MNP) by P-cyclodextrin. P-cyclodextrin coated magnetic nanoparticles, P-CD-MNP-TDI were used to adsorb and isolate deoxyribonucleic acid, DNA from liquid to solid phase. The amount of adsorbed DNA was measured using spectrophotometer at 258 nm. Different parameters affecting the adsorption of DNA onto nanoparticles were studied in this project to obtain the optimum adsorption condition for P-CD-MNP-TDI. Different kinetic, isoterms and thermodynamic models were used to study and described the adsorption behaviour of DNA onto nanoparticles. Surface-coated magnetic nanoparticles P-CD-MNP-TDI, in evident with study attested to work more efficient than magnetic nanoparticles with adsorption efficiency at 67%. The MNP and P-CD-MNP-TDI was characterized using fourier transform infrared (FT-lR) device and vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM). The characteristic spectra of P-CD-MNP-TDI was shown in the characteristic peak at 1657 cm-1 which is attributed by the dematerialization of isocyanate group which was originall y found on toluene-2,4-d iisocyanate (TDI) with the emergence of carbamate linkage (NHCO) at peaks 1657 cm-1 . The presence of carbamate linkage signifies the completion of polymerization between TOT and P-cyclodextrin. The magnetic moment ofP-CD-MNP-TDI (- ±40 emu/g) was lower than MNP magnetic moment(- ±60 emu/g)when both nanoparticles were subjected to the same amount of external magnetic field due to the present of the coating material which suggestively chaperone and reduced the inherently large surface energies. The optimum working parameter of ~-CD-MNP-TDI was found to be at pH 6, 298 K, with adsorption process reaching equilibrium at 20 minutes, and efficient initial DNA concentration being 10 mg/L. Ionic strength effect created by sodium chloride at range of 0 to 0.40 mol/L have minimal effect on the adsorption capacity of ~-CD-MNP-TDI. The adsorption efficiency of ~-CD-MNP-TDl was found to perform on a par of 70 ± 5 % after being recycled for three times. The adsorption isotherms and kinetics of DNA onto ~-CD-MNP-TDI was found to be best described by Freundlich isotherm, pseudo-second order kinetics. The entropy and enthalpy change of DNA on ~-CD-MNP-TDI were -1 2.1567 J/Kmol and -3.7371 J/mol respectively. The progression of Gibbs free energy from negative value to positive value indicates that the adsorption process is thermodynamically feasible, spontaneous and chemically controlled. The findings from the sorption studies suggest that the interaction between adsorbent and adsorbate occur through inclusion complex, hydrophobic interaction, hydrogen bonding and Vander Waals force.
Rh D Negative Blood Donors: Strategies To Improve Blood Donation
(2018)
Abas, Anis Salwa
Background: Only 2.2% of Malaysians are blood donors and less than 2.5% of them are Rh D negative blood donors. An effective blood donor retention strategy to sustain the responsive and reliable Rh D negative blood donor pool is paramount. However at National Blood Centre, Kuala Lumpur (NBCKL) only 7% of early career blood donors responded to the standard blood donation invitation. This study compared a new blood donation invitation strategy against the standard method. This study also aims to identify any association between the blood donors socio-demographic and donation characteristics with responses towards the blood donation invitation. Methods: An interventional with historical control study was conducted. The interventional group was selected from the blood donors who had donated within 1st January 2016 to 31st December 2016. The interventional group received a personalised blood donation invitation letter with an educational brochure followed by a phone call. The historical control group was the blood donors who previously invited through a general short message service (SMS) and a phone call within 1st July 2013 to 31st December 2014. The blood donors' response was measured within 6 weeks period after the invitations. The blood donors' socio-demographic and donation characteristics were analysed. Results: The new blood donation invitation strategy had resulted in a significantly more attendance among the early career Rh D negative blood donors as compared to the standard blood donation invitation. About 24.7% of participants in the interventional group had responded compared to 5.6% of participants in the historical control group.The odd for the interventional group to respond was 5.6 (p<0.001).The Rh D negative blood donors who had a shorter interval of previous blood donation of 3 to 12 months had 5.9 time the odd to respond (p=0.009). No significant association of blood donors age, gender and race but the blood donors who were non-professional were 78% less likely to respond (p=0.045). Conclusions: A personalised blood donation invitation with an educational brochure on Rh D negative phenotype had resulted in more attendance among early career Rh D negative blood donors. The blood donors' previous blood donation interval and occupation were associated with responses towards blood donation invitation.
Analysis Of The Effects Of Microrna 130a Suprression On A549 Cell LINE
(2018)
Mohamad Safiai, Nabil Izzaatie
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) control the biological processes of cells and are crucial 111 regulati on of proliferatio n, differenti ation and apoptosis. MiRNAs are also critical 111 regulation of various types of cancer and diseases such as in chronic lymphocytic leukemia, B cell lymphoma, lung cancer and viral infections. In recent years, a lot of evidence arises demo nstrating that miRNA-130a, from the family of regulatory nonprotein coding miRNAs play important role in development and metastasis of lung cancer. However, there is still scarce knowledge about the effect of miR-l 30a suppress ion targeting at different miR- 130a gene regio ns in lung cancer cells. In this study, suppression of miR-l 30a at 3p, 5p and stem loop region was establi shed in the A549 human lung carcinoma cell line. Pro liferation and migration assays were performed to study the role of miR-l 30a in the growth and metastat ic ability of A549 cell line.Our result demonstrated that miR-1 30a-3p suppression significantly increased the growth of A549 cell line. Consistently, among different sites of miR-l 30a downregulation, only suppression at 3p showed significant increase in cell attachment and detachment assay and scratch wound healing assay. As a conclusion, our findings suggest that miR-1 30a- 3p may plays critical ro le in the development and metastasis of lung cancer. Hence, miRI 30a-3p might be a better target with huge potential for diagnostic and therapeutic approaches and may serve as an important fu ndamental reference for future research espec ially for the treatment of lung cancer.
Effects Of Clinacanthus Nutans On Drug Resistant Cancer Cell Proliferation And Migration
(2018)
MD Arzali, Sitti Fatimah Az Zahra
Clinacanthus nutans is a renowned therapeutic plant in Asian countries. Recently is has gained research interest in the applications for treatment and prevention of cancer diseases. Therefore, the aim of this research will focus on effects of Clinacanthus Nutans extracts towards drug resistant HER2 overexpression (UACC 732) cancer cell proliferation and migration. Method: Clinathanus nu/ans leaves was purchased in powder form and extraction was done using aqueous and ethanol solvents. Effects of these extracts on drug resistant cancer proliferation assay was determined using MTT assay kit. Next, half-maximal inhibitory concentration (ICso) for both extracts were studied on drug resistant cancer cell migration. Result: Cytotoxic effects of ethanol Clinacanthus nutans extract on parent and resistant UACC 732 cells viability at various concentrations,respectively showed the ICso value for 24 hours treatment were 923.98 μg/mL and 837.98 μg/mL. Meanwhile, no cytotoxic effects shown in aqueous Clinacanthus nutans extract on parent and resistant UACC 732 cell s. The ce ll migration of Clinacanthus nutans extracts indicated an increase in cell migration until the closure of the wound area when treated with 100 mg/mL. Discussion: Extraction method produced almost equal yields with aqueous and ethanol extracts. Cytotoxic effects of both extracts on parent and resistant UACC 732 cells showed sign ificant difference. It was noted that ethanol extracts caused inhibition of parent and resistant UACC732 cells compared to aquoeus extract.Further investigation using wound healing assay showed that both extracts inhibited cell migration at 24 hours. Similar effects were not observed in parent and resistant UACC 732 cells. This indicated that compounds present in aqueous and ethanol extracts were able to inhibit cell migrati on. Conclus ion: This study shows that Clinacanthus nutans extracts exhibits antiproliferative and anti-migration activity. However, further investigat ion need to be done to confirm these findings.
A Systematic Review Of Targeted Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles For Cancer Theraрy
(2018)
Mohd Azlan, Nur Hazirah
Titanium dioxide nanoparticles (nano-TiO2) provides promising application as targeted cancer therapeutics. Further understanding on the toxicity guidelines and ideal physiochemical properties are crucial for efficient clinical application. This study provides an updated review on nano-TiO2 as nanotherapeutics focusing on the modification of physiochemical properties, potential routes of administration, biodistribution, clearance and toxicity profile. The review conducted is based on PRISMA-P protocol. It began with literature searching from selected databases; PubMed, Springer Link, Science Direct and general search engine Google Scholar based on the pre-determined keywords (titanium dioxide nanoparticles, targeted drug delivery, targeted cancer therapy, surface modification, delivery route, route of administration).The search generated 873 manuscripts. We included all pre-clinical and clinical studies, original and in-press articles published within the past 6 years (2013 till 2018). Studies involving usage of organic nanoparticles, and those in predatory or blacklisted journals were excluded. Selected studies underwent thorough appraisal yielded 61 articles that answered the research questions and met the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Results suggested that nano-TiO2 can be considered an ideal candidate for cancer nanotherapuetics. Surface modification of nano-TiO2 with different ligands enhanced the treatment efficacy and minimize the adverse effects that current cancer treatment might cause. Delivery of nanoTiO2 in human as targeted cancer therapy through different routes seems promising and require further exploration and research on this issue. Review summarized that,biodistribution, cleranace and toxicity risk of nano-TiO2 can be tackeld by modulating their physio-chemical properties. Future studies should be directed towards discovering actual potential of nano-TiO2 for cancer therapeutics which may indeed encourage its clinical application in near future.
Effect Of Salivary pH On Coating Durability Of Two Different Aesthetic Archwires Coatings
(2018)
Abdulkader, Youssef Chikh
Coated orthodontic archwires have demonstrated partial or full coating loss as early as 21 days of intraoral use. It is suggested that an interaction between the coated archwires and the oral factors such as salivary pH has caused this phenomenon to occur. This study evaluated the effect of pH on the durability of two different aesthetic archwire coatings and observed the surface topography of the coatings. Nickel titanium (NiTi) archwires of 0.0 18" in diameter, readi ly coated with epoxy resin and polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) were sectioned into 20 mm segments. All specimens (N = I 02) were divided into six groups; four groups treated with two different pH and two control groups. The pH of artific ial saliva was adjusted to 6.75 and 3.5 using sodium hydrox ide (NaOH) and lactic acid, respectively. Each specimen was immersed in individual test tubes containing 10 ml of modified solution which were sealed and stored in a 37°C water bath for 28 days.After the time elapsed, the specimens were removed and subjected to mechanical stress using an electronic toothbrush for 2 10 seconds. Images were photographed us ing digital single lens reflex (DSLR) camera and coating loss measurement was done using Autodesk® AutoCAD® software. Surface topography of the specimens from each group was evaluated using scann ing electron microscope (SEM). Statistical analysis showed significant (p < 0.001) coating loss was found in epoxy res in groups regardless of their pH value, than that of PTFE groups. SEM revealed rupture, roughness and loss of coating at mult iple locations on the coating s urface.
Multifunctional Gold-Silica Composite Platform Towards Comprehensive Cancer Therapy
(2018)
Tew, Lih Shin
Incomplete cancer cells eradication with sole treatment of chemotherapy or radiation therapy was commonly reported. Therefore, gold nanoshells-based nanodevices have gained interests owing to the tuneablity of the localised surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) from visible to near infrared (NIR) wavelength, which is favourable for biomedical applications. In this work, gold nanoshell (GNS), of which has mesoporous silica nanoparticle core (MSN) filled doxorubicin (DOX) as well as polyethylene glycol (PEG) and AS1141 aptamer (Apt) at the outer layer (DOX-GNS-PEG-Apt), was designed for two photon laser-triggered chemo- and photothermal therapy. The results show 30.00 2.91 % of doxorubicin (DOX) was loaded into MSNs. The synthesised GNS was thenanalysed by UV-Vis spectroscopy and TEM, of which 4:1 ratio of K-gold to MSN-NH2 seed produced ideal gold thickness. The nanoparticles with a complete gold coverage on mesoporous silica core were observed. Based on the TEM and Energy Dispersive X-Ray spectroscopy (EDX) data, the gold film synthesised via grow-mediated process was approximately 10 – 15 nm thickness. Then, two photon excitation (TPE) was introduced to evaluate the efficacy of photothermal therapy (PTT) alone and the synergistic chemo-photothermal therapy. Deformation of GNS was evidenced by the blue shift of plasmon resonance peak from 800 to 570 nm and the morphology of the GNS after TPE was further confirmed with TEM. According to the in vitro study, DOX-GNS-PEG-Apt positive selectively bound to MDA-MB-231 cells (cancerous) but not MCF-10A cells (non-cancerous).
Polymeric Nano-encapsulation Of Наемоglobin Isolated From Expired Human Redblood Cells For Use As Blood Substitute
(2018)
Mahmud, Khadijah
To date, blood scarcity in transfusion service demand vigorous scientific works looking for possible red blood cells alternatives. In this study, we aim to isolate and purify human haemoglobin (hb) from expired red cells by multiple washing, sonication, organic extraction and dialysis method. Analysis of the UV-Vis spectrum comparing hb and red blood cells (RBC) showed that the protein has been isolated successfully. Subsequently, the hb was encapsulated by polymeric micelle upon hydrophobic interaction (micellisation) of the methoxy poly (ethylene glycol)-b-poly (E-caprolactone) (PEG-PCL), a diblock copolymer in an aqueous buffer. The hb-micelle complex was then further analysed for half-life, oxygen reversibility, and cell-viability assay. Average encapsulation efficiency of the hb within the polymeric micelle achieved 45%. This is due to the high solubility of free hb in aqueous solution limiting the entry of hb into the polymer. However, the result indicated that the average of two units hb were successfully encapsulated by each polymer micelle. The hbmicelle recorded a higher half-life of 112,242 mins as compared to 30 mins of the free hb alone during oxygen stability study. The hb-micelle system also showed the ability to bind oxygen reversibly. Oxygenation and deoxygenation processes recorded average of six cycles before the sample was evaporated due to oxygenation, in contrast with only one cycle at average for free hb as a control. In cell viability study, the hb-micelle sample with concentrations of 1.89 x10³mg/mL in two preparations of micelles at 1.0 and 2.0 mg/mL while as a control, free hb sample from human and free bovine at 0.1 mg/mL and 0.2 mg/mL concentrations and also bovine hb-micelle (hb concentration at 2.21 ×105 mg/mL) have been tested on murine macrophage cells (RAW 264.7), incubated for 24 hours before treatments. Treated cells were then incubated further for 48 hours where the cell viability analysed at time points of 4, 8, 24 and 48 h. Generally, the free hb recorded reduction in cell growth approximately by 10% and 18% as early as 4h compared to hb-micelle which showed no toxic effects on the cells until 24 hours onwards. This result probably due to the free hb from human used in the test may have contained lipid debris from the membrane lysis during extraction process. However, it showed that hb-micelle system can safely interact with normal cells for potential future use compared to free hb without encapsulation by polymer. These findings indicated the potential of the hb 'harvested' from expired human red cells encapsulated by the diblock copolymer for development as red blood cells substitute.
Anti-angiogenic Properties Of Nanoparticles: A Systematic Review
(2018)
Salem Brhaish, Ali Saeed
Introduction: Angiogenesis develops new blood vessels from the old ones, and this process is controlled by balancing the angiogenic and anti-angiogenic factors. The domination of angiogenic leads to pathological angiogenesis that causes diseases, such as diabetic retinopathy and cancer. Anti-angiogenesis therapy targets angiogenesis to treat these diseases. Hence, nanoparticles appear to be one of the most promising agents that offer efficacy in therapy. The objective of this research is to review systematically studies that have probed into the effect of nanoparticles on angiogenesis. Methodology: The literature was searched electronically (PubMed, Science Direct, Google Scholar, Medline, Scopus, and Springer) to identify as many relevant articles as possible for the topic at hand, which is the effect of nanoparticles on angiogenic. The inclusion criteria, such as articles published in the English language during the period from January 2008 until January 2018, were strictly adhered to. The Medical Subject Heading (MeSH) (nanoparticles) and anti-angiogenesis or angiogenesis were used to extract articles from PubMed and Medline, while search terms or keywords of the title had been applied to retrieve more journals and articles from other databases. Additionally, references that were cited in the initial search were sought to identify more potential articles. Next, articles that did not meet the inclusion criteria and those duplicate were discarded. Results: Out of the 218 articles obtained from the literature search, only 22 seemed to conform to the inclusion criteria. The spherical shape is the most common shape employed to investigate the role of nanoparticles in angiogenesis therapy. The size of nanoparticles appears to play a crucial role for efficacy on angiogenesis, in which 20 nm emerged as the preferred size. Gold nanoparticle exhibit the most promising type as an anti-angiogenesis agent. The nanoparticles were active for both in vitro and in vivo models. The biosynthesis of nanoparticles is safer than chemical synthesis. The toxicity was adjustable based on the dosages applied. Conclusion: Nanoparticles are a promising treatment for angiogenesis-related diseases. Nanoparticles inhibit angiogenesis in different pathways. Size and shape play a role in the anti-angiogenesis effects of nanoparticles. Gold nanoparticle exhibit higher anti-angiogenesis properties.
Seroprevalence Of Hepatitis B In First- Time Blood Donors Of National Blood Centre After Implementation Of National Vaccination Programmе
(2018)
SOW, EMMY
Background: Malaysia's prevalence of hepatitis B is about 5% with the related mortality rate of 0.04 in 2013. Transmission preventive measures were implemented via national vaccination programme since 1989 with vaccine coverage of 99.3%. In Malaysia, universal blood donor screening for hepatitis B virus (HBV) using serology method was implemented since 1974 while nucleic acid testing (NAT) began since 2007 in National Blood Centre. Objective: To determine the seroprevalence of hepatitis B among first-time blood donors after implementation of national hepatitis B vaccination programme. Methods: A cross sectional study involving review of 215 Malaysian first time donors records that was screened positive for HBV and donated between 1st January 2010 to 31st December 2015 at National Blood Centre. Results: The overall prevalence of hepatitis B among the first-time blood donors of NBC from 1st January 2010 to 31st December 2015 was 0.15%. The prevalence of hepatitis B was higher at 0.23% among donors born before year 1989 (pre-vaccination era) compared to 0.05% among donors born in and after year 1989 (post-vaccination era). More donors born pre-vaccination era have known risk factors compared to the other group of donors. The stages of infection were highest for non-replicating followed by replicating and convalescence regardless year of birth. Among donors born pre-vaccination era, majority (97.2%) were HBsAg+, all were anti-HBc+, 30.3% were HBeAg+ and 71% were antiHBe+. For donors born post-vaccination era, 98.6% were HBsAg+ and anti-HBc+, 50% were HBeAg+ and 48.6% were antiHBe+. All donors were NAT+ irrespective of year of birth. There was significant association of the seroprevalence for HBeAg and anti-HBe with year of birth (p < 0.05). There was no association between stages of infection with risk factors and demographic characteristics of donors (p > 0.05). Conclusions: The prevalence of HBV among donors who received birth vaccination was lower than those who did not. Occult infection (anti-HBc+, NAT+ with HBsAg-) was also reduced in donors who received birth vaccination. Implementation of national vaccination programme for HBV infection has contributed to the reduction of HBV infection and in minimizing the risk of transfusion-related transmission.
In Vitro Antibacterial Activity Of Acanthus Ilicifolius-silver Nanoparticles Against Selected Bacteria
(2018)
Mohamad, Noor Muzamil
Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) has gained attention due to their wide application in various area such as medical, food industry and material sciences. Among medical uses of this nanoparticles is as antimicrobial agent against pathogenic bacteria. AgNPs produced by green biosynthesis approach using plant extracts as reducing agent is less harmful and economical in comparison with physical and chemical methods. In this study, plant material was collected and identified as Acanthus ilicifolius Wallich, N and was being used to prepare the plant aqueous extract which later being used to synthesis AgNPs. Ratio of 1: I 0 mixtures of I 00 mg/mL of aqueous extract and 5 mM of si lver nitrate was incubated for 24 hours at 40 °C with 150 rpm in incubator shaker.The formation of silver nanoparticles was monitored by colour changes and was characterised by UV-Vis spectrometry fo llowed by zeta (potential) sizer analyses. The UV-Vis spectrum of AgNPs showed maximal absorption at 440 while zeta (potential) sizer analyses revealed the average size of synthesized AgNPs was 94 nm with zeta potential value of -4.08 mV which the AgNPs quite unstable. Antibacterial activities of synthesised A. ilicifolius-AgNPs by well diffusion method on S. aureus, B. cereus, E. coli and P. aeruginosa showed an inhibition zone (in millimeter, mm) of 16, 15, 14 and 20 respectively. Minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) as well as minimal bactericidal concentration (MBC) of this si lver nanoparticles accessed by MTT assay was lower than 0.0781 25 mM on all tested bacteria. Therefore, it is concluded that A. ilicifolius aqueous extract has potential in producing AgNPs by green synthesis approach and may be used as antibacteria l agent against parti cularly on S. aureus, B. cereus, E. coli and P. aeruginosa
The Outcome Of A Calculated Radioiodine Dose Based On Pertechnetate Study In Treatment For Hyperthyroidism
(2018)
Fong, Lee Yeong
Introduction: Apart from surgery and anti-thyroid drugs, radioactive iodine has been a mainstay of treatment for hyperthyroidism. There a re two widely used methods for dose administration including empirical fixed dose and calculated dose. A recent meta-ana lysis supported that dose calcula tion is better than empirical fixed dose method. However, dose calculation by dosimetry or radioactive iodine thyroid uptake ratio at 24 .hours can be tedious and may pose certain disadvantages to the patients and the provider. Pertechnetate thyroid scintigraphy is a simple nuclear imaging that can be completed on the same day and pertechnetate thyroid uptake ratio, which is determined from the scintigraphy, can be used to calculate the dose for radioactive iodine. Objective: The aim is to optimise treatment efficacy and effective ly treat hyperthyroid patients with a single radioactive iodine dose and this study is done to measure the efficacy of a calculated dose based on pertechnetate thyroid uptake ratio. Methods: Hyperthyroidism patients referred for first radioactive iodi ne therapy were recruited as participants. Pertechnetate thyroid scintigraphy was done and pertechnetate thyroid uptake ratio was determined and used for dose calculation. Followup was done and the outcome of the treatment was determined at three months and s ix months. Clinical data was a nalysed using IBM SPSS software. Results: A total of 95 participants with the mean age of 46.0 years were recruited and the majority consisted of Malay (71.6%) female (76.8%). Graves' disease was the most common type of hyperthyroidism (67.4%) fo llowed by multinodular goitre (30.5%). Among the participants, 52.6% had grade 2 goitre and 91.6% were pre-treated with carbimazole. The median pertechnetate thyroid uptake ratio was 18.0% and the median radioactive iodine dose administered was 22.0mCi. The pertechnetate thyroid uptake ratio and radioactive iodine dose were significantly different based on goitre size (p<0.001) and correlated with thyroid function test (p<0.001). Six months after treatment, 82.1% achieved euthyroid or hypothyroid. Participants with multinodular goitre had higher failure rate than those with Graves' disease (p=0.032). Seventy-five participants had a reduction in goitre size within six months and five participants had transient hypothyroidism before relapsed at six months after treatment. Conclusion: This calculated dose regime showed fairly good outcome with cure rate of 74.7% at three months and 82.1% at six months post treatment. Patients with MNG were more likely to relapse compared to Graves' disease.
Knowledge And Attitude Towards Blood Donation Among Non Blood Donor Residents Of Kuala Terengganu At Hospital Sultanah Nur Zahirah, Kuala Terengganu
(2018)
Mat Noh, Sarah
Background: Increment in blood utilisation and reduction in blood collection leading to blood supply shortage has been a worldwide problem including Malaysia. It was noted that Terengganu recorded the lowest blood donation rate among all states in Malaysia from 2011 until 2015, and still lagging far behind other states in Malaysia in terms of blood donation rate. Objectives: To determine knowledge and attitude score towards blood donation and their associated factors among non-blood donor residents of Kuala Terengganu at Hospital Sultanah Nur Zahirah (HSNZ). Study design and method: This is a cross-sectional study using a self-administered questionnaire involving systematically random sampling selection of 320 participants who are non-blood donor residents of Kuala Terengganu attending HSNZ. The questionnaire consists of 8 questions in knowledge section (total score of 8 marks) and 20 questions in attitude section (total score of 100 marks). Results: The mean knowledge score in this study was 5.19 (1.87) while the mean attitude score was 70. 79 (8.19). Majority of the participants have good knowledge and good attitude with percentages of 64.69% and 92.81 %, respectively. Female has a significantly lower level of knowledge as compared to male (p=0.02), while participants with college/university education have significantly higher knowledge than participants with low education level (p=0.037). Participants working in private sectors and selfemployed were found to have a significantly higher level of good knowledge compared to government employees (p=0.004 and p=0.013). As for the attitude section, participants with secondary school education has significantly higher attitude compared to those with low education level (p=O.O 12). Unemployed participants were found to have significantly lower attitude compared to government employees (p=0.017). No significant association was found between the knowledge and attitude level. The mostly reported barriers to blood donation were refused to give blood to other religion and race with 73.1 % and 67.8%, respectively. This study reported social media as the main source of information regarding blood donation ( 42.2% ). Conclusion: In general, the majority of the participants have good knowledge and attitude towards blood donation but there was no association found between knowledge and attitude. Even so, the practice of blood donation is still poor in this population with most of the participants refused to give their blood to other religion and race. Thus, Blood Transfusion Service should focus on encouraging non-donors to donate by involving the religious departments to help to correct the myths pertaining to blood donation, giving out pamphlets to non-donors during a mobile campaign or establishing young donors club focusing to students.
Cardiac Siderosis Severity Assessment Using Cmr T2* Sequence Among Transfusion-dependent Thalassaemia Patients: Experience In Hospital Seberang Jaya
(2018)
Ahmad, Abu Sufian
Background: Regular blood transfusion as a treatment for thalassaemia patients had rendered them susceptible to the complication of cardiac siderosis, the main leading cause of death in this population. In Malaysia, HBE and Beta-thalassaemia carrier rate is 3-5% predominantly distributed at the northern part of peninsular and Borneo Sabah. The prevalence of cardiac siderosis in Malaysia has not been published despite the everincreasing demand of CMR T2* sequence in most of the healthcare centers. The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence and severity of cardiac siderosis in the northern part of peninsular Malaysia and all its associated factors; namely age, gender, serum ferritin, liver iron loading and left ventricular ejection fraction (L VEF). Methods: A retrospective study was conducted involving 1187 transfusion-dependent thalassaemia patients who underwent magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) sequence as part of their clinical evaluation. All enrolled patients underwent cardiac, liver and L VEF CMR T2* sequence MRI between January 2012 to May 2017. Data were obtained from a single center registry in Hospital Seberang Jaya where all the cases were referred. All demographic and clinical data pertaining to iron storage status and disease current state were recorded and transferred to research performa. Results: The prevalence of cardiac siderosis was 16.8%, of which 7 .1 % were severe, 4.0% moderate and 5.7% mild. The median age of patients was 20.90 years and HBE Beta thalassaemia constituted the most, 46.1 % followed by Beta thalassaemia major, 31.8% of the patients. Male has a higher prevalence (56%) of cardiac siderosis. The mean serum ferritin in cardiac siderosis patients was 6249.05 with 61. 76% L VEF and 2.21 % liver iron loading T2* value. Liver siderosis prevalence was high, 83%, however only 15.84% of them had a comorbid cardiac siderosis. Heart failure define as L VEF <56%, present in only 9 .8% of the study population. Liver iron loading were the only statistically proven factors contributing towards the development of cardiac siderosis with 74.2% ROC value. Conclusions: The prevalence of cardiac siderosis was 16.8% and the prevalence of liver iron overload was relatively high, 83%. The significant associations between liver iron loading and cardiac siderosis emphasized the importance of detecting cardiac siderosis early through CMR T2* especially in a state with high prevalence cases of transfusion dependent thalassaemia.
Knowledge Of Clinical Transfusion Among Postgraduate Residents In Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia
(2018)
WAN Alkamar Shah, WAN Nurul Husna
Background: Blood transfusion is one of common therapy prescribed by clinicians. Despite that, injudicious and unsafe transfusion contributes to leading causes of morbidity and mortality globally, as it jeopardizes quality of care and cause wastage of blood product resource. Therefore, it is vital that clinicians, mainly postgraduate residents to possess knowledge of clinical transfusion. The current level of knowledge among postgraduate residents in Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia (HUSM) is not yet known. Objectives: To study the clinical transfusion knowledge level among postgraduate residents within the Departments of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care, Accident and Emergency, Obstetrics and Gynaecology, General Surgery, and General Medicine in HUSM in 2017. Study design and method: This is a cross-sectional study using a validated selfadministered questions involving 210 participants between Year 1 to Year 4 postgraduate residents within five departments in HUSM. The validated assessment tool consists of six demographics survey (department, age, gender, working experience, postgraduate year, formal training in clinical transfusion) and 20 questions on clinical transfusion knowledge (total score of 20). Score of 0 - 9 are categorised as 'poor' knowledge and score of 10- 20 are categorised as 'good' knowledge. Results: Majority of participants (27.6%) are from Department of Accident and Emergency. Based on postgraduate year, Year 1 accounts for majority of participants (31.9%). Mean (SD) age is 32.9 (1.45). Number of male and female participants are nearly balanced which are 104 (49.5%) and 106 (50.5%) respectively. Formal training was attended by 111 (52.9%) of participants. Mean (SD) working experience is 7.46 (1.07) years. A total of 125 (59.5%) participants have poor knowledge level. Mean (SD) score is 8.77 (1.77). No majority of participants in each variable tested reported to have good knowledge status. No significant association found between the demographic factors (department, gender, age, postgraduate year, working experience, formal training) with the knowledge status in this study. Conclusion: In general, more than half of the participants had poor knowledge status in clinical transfusion. However, no significant associations found between demographic factors and knowledge status. This study reflects the lack of knowledge among clinicians in some aspects of clinical transfusion. Thus, Blood Transfusion Service in HUSM should focus on collaboration with the respective clinical departments to conduct continuous medical educational (CME) sessions and speciality based training for the improvement of knowledge of clinical transfusion among postgraduate residents.
Effects Of Paddy Waste Products In Prostate Disease Using In Vitro And In Vivo Models
(2018-06)
Murtey, Mogana Das
Benign prostate hyperplasia (BPH) is common in elderly men and prostate cancer is the second leading cause of death among men. Previously, paddy waste (both husk and straw) reportedly have chemopreventive potential. The main aim of this study was to explore the chemopreventive property of paddy waste against prostate disease. This study determines the inhibitory and anti-proliferative activity of the paddy waste product in androgen-independent prostate cancer cell line, DU145 and spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR) respectively; the effects of paddy waste products on proliferation and apoptosis related genes and protein expression in DU145; the effect of aqueous methanol extracts on histology, PCNA and androgen receptor expressions in SHR.There were two types solvent used for paddy husk and straw extracts in this study; water and aqueous methanol. Cell culture experiments revealed that the aqueous methanol extracts have better inhibitory effect than water extracts on DU145 without toxicity. Apoptosis analysis revealed that aqueous methanol extracts exhibit apoptosis inducing effect on DU145 and this claim was supported with DNA analysis (presence of bands which indicate DNA degradation) and microscopy analysis (cell shrinkage, membrane blebbing and apoptotic bodies). Western blot analysis reveals that apoptosis induced through caspase 3-mediated intrinsic pathway. Two pro-apoptotic proteins, Bax and Bad expressed higher (p<0.05) and anti-apoptotic protein, Bcl-2 downregulated (p<0.01) after treatment. This leads to increase (p
The Effects Of 940 Nm Diode Laser On Morphology And Temperature Of Human Extracted Teeth
(2018-06)
Ahmed Ghazal, Rehab Mahmoud
Tooth sensitivity is a totally common dental condition that could cause a huge obstacle for dentist and patient, due to the short, sharp pain arising as a response to stimulation applied on uncovered dentine. The aim of this investigation is to evaluate the effectiveness of 940 nm diode laser as a treatment modality for dentine hypersensitivity. The laser is expected to cause ultrastructural changes of dentine such as narrowing and plugging the wide dentinal tubules. The safest parameters to be used on the dental tissues to provoke the melting of dentine layer without damaging the pulp tissue by heat will be defined. Seven sound, caries free upper premolar teeth with two roots were collected. The teeth were extracted for orthodontic purpose or periodontal disease. Dentine surface were irradiated with a 940 nm diode laser at different output power settings: 1.5 W, 2.0 W and 2.5 W, continuously for 10 seconds. Each tooth had been divided into 4 groups: Group A (control), Group B (1.5 W), Group C (2.0 W) and Group D (2.5 W). Diode laser irradiations at 2.0 W and 2.5 W led to effectively narrowing or sealing of dentinal tubules without provoking carbonisation or any destruction on the dentine surface. Samples that had been irradiated with 1.5 W showed partially narrowing of the dentinal tubules. The pulp temperature increased during irradiation, within a range of 2.6°C to 7.3°C. The temperature increment for all samples was statistically significant (p-value < 0.001). From this study, it is observed that irradiation of 940 nm diode laser at 2.0 W and 2.5 W settings, for 10 seconds in a continuous mode, is able to seal the dentinal tubules. Additionally, these parameters are within the safe range as assessed by the morphology and changes in temperature of the samples, which will not cause a harmful effect to the pulp tissues, and could be effective in the treatment of dentinal hypersensitivity.

Browse

Browsing Institut Perubatan & Pergigian Termaju - Tesis by Issue Date

Results Per Page

Sort Options