Institut Perubatan & Pergigian Termaju - Tesis

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A Case Control Study To Determine The Association Of Blood Groups And Allergic Rhinitis
(2022-08)
Chai Hui Yi
The primary objective is to discover the association between ABO/rhesus blood groups and allergic rhinitis. Also, this study aimed to find out the association of demographic factors (gender and races) of patients and ABO blood groups.
A Five Year (2013-2017) Retrospective Study On The Data Of Laboratory Testing For Biocompatibility Of Medical Device Implant Registered With Malaysia Medical Device Authority
(2021-11)
Sunthara Murthi A/L Anamalai
The study focused on the implantable medical devices which require most number of biocompatibility data. Data collection form reflecting the MeDC@St data entry pages is prepared to manually retrieve the deposited information for registration between July 2013 to December 2017, amounting to 1925 registration with some exceeds 100 pages content per registration.
Anaemia And Red Blood Cell Transfusion Among Breast Cancer Patients At Tertiary Centres In Kelantan
(2022-05)
Ramli, Nur Akuna
Pengenalan: Anemia semasa kemoterapi adalah salah satu beban bagi pesakit kanser. Namun, data yang sedia ada mengenai prevalensi anemia serta rawatan untuk anemia seperti transfusi darah sering berbeza. Kajian ini bertujuan untuk mengenal pasti prevalensi anemia dan praktis transfusi darah di kalangan pesakit kanser payudara serta menentukan faktor penyebab anemia akibat kemoterapi. Kaedah: Kajian kohort retrospektif ini dilakukan di Kelantan melibatkan 104 pesakit kanser payudara yang menjalani kemoterapi. Chi-square digunakan untuk perbandingan antara kumpulan yang mendapat anemia akibat kemoterapi atau tidak berdasarkan demografik pesakit, kriteria klinikal dan rawatan kanser payudara. Simple dan multiple logistic regression digunakan untuk menentukan hasil yang berkaitan. Keputusan: Sebelum menjalani rawatan kemoterapi, 40.4% pesakit mempunyai anemia. Terdapat 30.8% telah menerima transfusi darah merah semasa kemoterapi dengan purata hemoglobin sebelum transfusi darah ialah 7.9 g/dL. Anemia akibat kemoterapi direkodkan sebanyak 54.8%. Waiau bagaimanapun, tiada perbezaan signifikan dicatatkan berkenaan anemia akibat kemoterapi dari segi demografik pesakit, data klinikal dan rawatan kanser payudara. Kesimpulan: Peratusan anemia yang tinggi dicatatkan di kalangan pesakit kanser payudara yang meningkat selepas menjalani kemoterapi. Lebih kurang 1/3 daripada pesakit memerlukan transfusi darah merah. Penilaian awal mengenai pesakit yang berisiko untuk anemia dengan penggunaan erythropoietin dan iron boleh mengurangkan prevalensi anemia akibat kemoterapi. Mengoptimumkan rawatan untuk anemia adalah penting, seterusnya meminimumkan akibat buruk dan membantu pesakit.
Analysis Of Phytochemical Compounds, Antioxidant And Anti-Inflammatory Activities Of Methanolic Extract Of Ruthana Date Fruits (Phoenix Dactylifera)
(2023-03)
Faris, Alsarayrah Nosiba Atallah
Ruthana date fruit, one of the finest types of dates, contains various nutrients and phytochemical compounds important for human health. Therefore, it is important to highlight the analysis of the medicinal value of these fruits in studies related to clinical nutrition. In this study, phenols, and flavonoid contents of date fruit methanolic extract (DFME) were measured due to their importance in inhibiting activities of free radicals. The antioxidant activities of the extract were evaluated by several analytical methods, which include 2,2-Diphenyl-1-Picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging assay (DPPH), Ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), 2,2'-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) radical scavenging assay (ABTS+), and nitric oxide radical scavenging assay (NO). In addition, the anti-inflammatory effects of DFME were studied in vitro using albumin denaturation, and red blood cell membrane stabilization assays. The results showed that DFME contains a high value of polyphenol compounds.
Analysis Of Selected Antibiotics And Heavy Metals In Northern Malaysia Sewage Treatment Facilities Using A Wastewater Based Epidemiology Approach
(2023-05)
Iqbal Iman Bin Ruzi
The purpose of this study was to analyse the presence and the fate of four (4) selected last-resort antibiotics (Colistin, Polymyxin B, Meropenem, and Vancomycin) with the additional five (5) selected heavy metals (Copper, Cadmium, Nickel, Zinc, and Iron) in wastewater samples from 18 different sewage treatment plants (STP) in the northern part of Malaysia.
Anion Exchanger 1 Gene (AE1) Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP) Analysis Among Malays With Distal Renal Tubular Acidosis (DRTA) And Southeast Asian Ovalocytosis (SAO)
(2018-08)
Anion Exchanger 1 (AE1) encoding the erythroid and kidney isoforms of AE1 protein is located on chromosome 17. Distal renal tubular acidosis (dRTA) is characterized as its inability to acidify urine pH caused by AE1 polymorphisms. Southeast Asian Ovalocytosis (SAO) is a hereditary red blood cell abnormality caused by 27bp deletions in AE1. dRTA and SAO is highly prevalent in Southeast Asian countries. Polymorphism in AE1 is known to cause both SAO and dRTA associated with 27bp deletions which is still unclear.
Anti-inflammatory Effects Of Mesenchymal Stem Cells Derived Extracellular Vesicle In Rat Model Of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
(2022-01)
Ridzuan Noridzzaida
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a chronic lung disease characterized by progressive airflow obstruction associated with chronic inflammation. The current treatment strategies are focusing on improving the symptoms and quality of life but do not provide cure for the underlying caused. Recently mesenchymal stem cells (MSC)-derived extracellular vesicles (EV) is actively being investigated as a potential source of new cell-free based therapy for COPD due to it’s ability to ameliorate inflammation, however no research has been conducted to study the anti-inflammatory effects of MSC-EV in COPD model.Thus, this study aimed to assess the anti-inflammatory effects of human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cell (hUC-MSC) derived EV in a rat model of COPD. Human UC-MSC-EV were isolated and characterized by using transmission electron microscope, western blot, and nanoparticle tracking analysis. Male sprague dawley rats (n=66) age 8-9 weeks were divided into 11 groups; Naïve, Cigarette Smoke (CS), Self-healing (SH), treatment groups (CS-hUC-MSC-EV, CS-hUC-MSC, CS-hUC-MSC-CM), vehicle groups (culture media alone (MD), and phosphate buffered saline (PBS)), and control (C) group (C-hUC-MSC-EV, C-hUC-MSC, and C-hUC-MSC-conditioned media (CM)). Five groups (CS, SH, CS-hUC-MSC, CS-hUC-MSC-EV, and CS-hUC-MSC-CM) were exposed to CS from 3 cigarettes for approximately 15 minutes per session, 2 times a day at 2 hours interval, 7 days a week, for 12 weeks. Meanwhile, Naïve, and control groups were left to breathe normal air. The treatments (hUC-MSC, hUC-MSC-EV, and hUC-MSC-CM) and PBS and MD were administered at week 13. Naïve and injury group were euthanized at week 13, while treatment groups, vehicle groups, and self-healing group were euthanized at week 15. Lungs from all groups were then subjected to histological analysis by using hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining, alcian blue-periodic acid Schiff (AB-PAS) staining, immunofluorescence staining, and microarray analysis. Increased lymphocytes count, inflammation in peribronchial and perivascular area, as well as parenchyma area, increased goblet cells count, increased emphysema, and increased p65 expression were observed in CS group as compared to Naïve group.Self-healing for two weeks did not reduce the inflammation in peribronchial and perivascular area, as well as parenchyma area. Self-healing for two weeks also did not reduce goblet cells count, emphysema, and p65 expression. In treatment groups, reduction of inflammation in peribronchial and perivascular area, as well as parenchyma area, reduced goblet cells count, and emphysema, reduced p65 expression were observed as compared to CS and SH groups. Meanwhile, the treatments did not induce inflammation or increased goblet cells count, and did not induced emphysema in rat exposed to normal air. Microarray analysis showed regulation of COPD related pathways and genes in CS, hUC-MSC-EV, hUC-MSC groups. hUC-MSC-EV, and hUC-MSC significantly regulating many genes expression including NFKB1, MAPK1, MAP2K1, JUN, PRKCZ, and P65. In conclusion, hUC-MSC-EV effectively ameliorating the CS induced inflammation and could potentially serve as a new cell-free based therapy for the treatment of COPD.
Anti-Inflammatory Effects Of Mesenchymal Stem Cells Derived Extracellular Vesicle In Rat Model Of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
(2022-01)
Noridzzaida Binti Ridzuan
This study aimed to assess the anti-inflammatory effects of human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cell (hUC-MSC) derived EV in a rat model of COPD. Human UC-MSC-EV were isolated and characterized by using transmission electron microscope, western blot, and nanoparticle tracking analysis
Antiproliferative And Apoptosis Effects Of Clinacanthus Nutans Leaf Extract On Breast Cancer Cell (Mcf7)
(2023-02)
Noor Zafirah Binti Ismail
The objective of this study was to determine the antiproliferative and apoptotic effects of C. nutans leaf extract on the breast cancer cell line, Michigan Cancer Foundation-7 (MCF7).
Application Of Green Silicone Surfactant In Microextraction Of Organophosphorus Pesticides In Food Samples
(2022-02)
Vasagee Elencovan
Organophosphorus pesticides (OPPs) are phosphate chemicals that have been extensively applied in field crops to get rid of pests and insects. The repeated consumption of OPPs in agriculture, lead to their presence at trace quantity in food products and thus, there is a growing demand for the identification and quantification of OPPs. Therefore, this study aims to explore the application of a novel green nonionic silicone surfactant (SS) in the development of various extraction techniques for the determination of OPPs in food samples. Firstly, the SS has been explored as an emulsifier in vortex assisted liquid-liquid microextraction (SS-VALLME) for the determination of OPPs in food samples with the aid of gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). SS facilitates the emulsification of extraction solvent into the aqueous matrix solution thus enhancing the partitioning of target OPPs into the extraction phase. Under the optimum conditions, the limit of detection (LODs) of the proposed method were in the range of 0.008 − 0.1 μgL-1 while good determination coefficients (R2) varied from 0.9989 to 0.9994 were obtained. Application of the developed method gave acceptable relative recovery of OPPs (80 − 118%) from food samples. Next, the green SS was further explored by combining with dodecanoic acid (DoAc) to produce deep eutectic solvent (DES) in which the SS acts as a hydrogen bond acceptor (HBA) while the DoAc acts as a hydrogen bond donor (HBD). The newly synthesized SS:DoAc based DES was applied in VALLME as an emulsifier.
Association Analysis Of Single Nucleotide Polymorphism Of Opioid Dependence Genes Among Malay Males In Malaysia
(2018-09)
Nagaya, Devaki
Drug addiction is a chronic and relapsing disorder is associated with genetics. There are many studies have been reported the roles of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) with drug dependence and among those, twelve (12) candidate genes that were associated with drug dependence will be. investigated in this study. The candidate genes are OPRD1 (Delta Opioid Receptor), OPR.K1 (Kappa Opioid Receptor), COMT (Catechol — O-Methyltransferase gene), PDYN (Prodynorphin), DRD4 (Dopamine receptor D4), ABCB1(P glycoprotein), DUSP (Dual Specificity Phosphatase 27) and rs 10494334. The goal of this study was to determine the frequencies of these SNPs rsl042114, rs702764, rs 199774, rs 1022563, rs910080, rs737866, rs 10494334, rsl800955, rsl 128503, rsl045642, and rs2032582 and to study their association with opioid dependence in Malay males in Malaysian population.
Association Between Eight Weeks Of Isometric Handgrip Training And Angiotensin Converting Enzyme Insertion/deletion Gene Polymorphism In Hypertensive Individuals.
(2024-08)
Yusof, Wan Mohammad Nazrin Wan
A prevalent global health concern is hypertension, affecting over 1 billion people worldwide. Physical exercise plays a crucial role in the lifestyle management of individuals with high blood pressure. This investigation seeks to link ACE I/D gene polymorphism with the effects of eight weeks isometric handgrip (IHG) training and detraining regimen on cardiovascular and muscular function in unmedicated hypertensive population in Malaysia. To assess the cardiovascular and muscular impacts of an eight-week IHG and detraining program across different ACE I/D genotype groups, this study involved fifty-eight unmedicated individuals with hypertension. They were randomly assigned to two groups, namely the training and control groups. The training group comprised 29 participants (mean age: 40.45 ± 9.22), consisting of 22 males and seven females. Simultaneously, the control group included 29 participants (mean age: 37.41 ± 9.03), with 15 males and 14 females. Participants in the IHG group received IHG training three times per week for eight weeks, followed by another eight weeks of detraining in which they did not receive IHG training or any organized exercise. For eight weeks, those in the control group (CON) did not participate in any exercise regimen. Based on the findings of the present study, an eight-week IHG training program resulted in a reduction of the cardiovascular parameter, as indicated by a decrease in systolic blood pressure (SBP), while maintaining consistent levels of muscle variables.
Behavioural, Social And Economic Reactions Of Covid-19 Responses Among Frontline Healthcare Providers In Nigeria
(2023-09)
Okpua Nelson Chidinma
The emergence of COVID-19 pandemic triggered both local and international reactions. These preventive responses, however, generated long and lasting effects on the nurses, doctors, medical laboratory scientists and ward assistants, who were at the forefront of managing the pandemic. Studies that attempted to assess the impacts of the pandemic on these healthcare providers (HCPs) had generally focussed on the behavioural, social and economic effects, may be due to the lack of a comprehensive assessment tool. This study aims to develop a questionnaire by exploring the holistic reactions of COVID-19 responses among the HCPs in Nigeria through three phases. Phase One: a systematic review was conducted on the impacts of COVID-19 pandemic on frontline HCPs in Africa and Asia. Method- Electronic literature search was conducted on Google scholar, PubMed, Medline, CINAHL, PsycINFO and Science Direct using key words and phrases. Retrieved articles were screened using PRISMA protocol and included studies were thematically analysed. Result- 39 studies included showed that HCPs experienced behavioural, social and economic reactions during the pandemic. Conclusion- HCPs suffered various impacts during the pandemic. Phase Two: a COVID-19 Response Impacts Questionnaire (COVRiQ) for frontline HCPs was developed and validated. Methodology - this followed three distinct steps; questionnaire development, content and face validity, and construct validity tests. A panel of 12 experts assessed the content validity, while construct validity was tested using 301 frontline HCPs. Data was analysed using SPSS (25.0). Results- COVRiQ consisting of 32-item was developed with S-CVI of 0.97. EFA results showed an overall Cronbach’s alpha (α) coefficient of 0.91 and subscales reliability coefficient of 0.89, 0.76 and 0.84 for behavioural, social and economic impacts. CFA analysis showed an overall α=0.87. Conclusion- COVRiQ questionnaire was developed and proven valid and reliable. Phase Three- In a cross sectional study, COVRiQ was administered to 317 Nigerian frontline HCPs using online social media platforms. Data collected were analysed using SPSS (25.0). Results- COVRiQ scores were 90%, 80% and 62.5% respectively for behaviour, social and economic impacts. Impacts were higher among females, nurses and HCPs aged 34 years and above. Compared to other forms of impact, the prevalence and severity of behavioural impact was higher among HCPs. Factors associated with COVID-19 impacts were behavioural impacts (age, gender and COVID-19 work experience); social impacts (education, alcoholism and existing health condition) and economic impacts (BMI, income and number of dependents). Conclusion-frontline HCPs, particularly the nurses, women and young professionals, experienced the various impacts of COVID-19 pandemic response.
Biocompatibility And Toxicity Studies On Heterogeneous Tio2-Zno Polymer Nanocomposite With Enhanced Bacterial Activity
(2022-07)
Nor Hazliana Harun
Healthcare-associated infections (HAIs) are a major safety concern globally as they contribute to mortality rates amongst patients due to pathogens from direct contact with a contaminated biomedical polymer surface from the indwelling or implanted medical devices. Polymer nanocomposites have become a promising solution for HAIs owing to reactive oxygen species (ROS) and free radicals’ mode of action. In the first section, this work revealed the bacteriostatic and bactericidal potentials of TiO2–ZnO polymer nanocomposite films against HAI pathogens, including multidrug-resistant (MDR) and non-MDR strains. In the second section, the initial analysis of the in vitro bio-interaction responses on fibroblast and blood cell line models showed signs of cell membrane integrity disturbance, which might be due to free radicals’ activities, such as the release of intracellular ROS and Zn ions (Zn2+) during the initial cellular adaptation process on the TiO2–ZnO polymer nanocomposite film. Molecular studies revealed that the cell–polymer nanocomposite film interaction possibly triggered the oxidative stress and pro-inflammatory mechanisms through the principal cascades of Nuclear Factor-κB. Further analysis found that cells could maintain the viability and clonogenic potential and were involved in the anti-apoptosis pathway. Findings suggested the transitory oxidative stress responses of polymer nanocomposite films towards treated cells and not harmful to the cells.
Characterisation And Radiation Shielding Properties Of Commercial Ceramic Materials Using Kilovoltage Photon Beam
(2024-11)
Zakaria, Mohd Aizuddin
The study evaluate the suitability of ceramics for radiation shielding in terms of their characteristic and shielding properties. The usual wall construction for diagnostic imaging rooms consists of a certain thickness of concrete, bricks, barium plaster and lead. However, lead is harmful to health, in the long term. Alternatively, ceramics are a more sustainable source of radiation shielding compared to lead. This study is focus on examining twelve (12) different types of ceramic samples labelled as c1-s1 to c12-s11. Each ceramic sample were examined using field emission scanning electron microscopy (fesem), energy dispersive x-ray (edx) and x-ray fluorescence (xrf) analysis to assess the characteristics of the ceramic structures, including topography, morphology, elemental content, and percentage. An experimental setup to determined the radiation shielding properties was performed for all the ceramic samples. Among all the ceramic sample, c3-s3, c5-s9 and c8-s4 were selected for varification and simulation using particle and heavy ion transport code system (phits) software.
Characterisation Of Biogenic Silver Nanoparticles-garcinia Atroviridis Toxicological Effects In Normal And Cancer Human Lung Cells.
(2024-09)
Muhamad, Musthahimah
Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) synthesized from plants are increasingly used across various industries, including the pharmaceutical and food sectors. This widespread use has raised concerns about their safety profiles. This study aimed to examine the toxic effects and mechanisms of biogenic silver nanoparticles (AgNPs-GA) synthesized using Garcinia atroviridis leaf extract on human lung cancer cells (A549) and normal lung cells (BEAS-2B) in vitro. Cytotoxicity was evaluated using the MTT assay to determine the IC50 values of AgNPs-GA in both cell types. The IC50 values were applied to treat the respective cells for evaluating reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, apoptosis, DNA damage, silver ion levels, and cellular uptake using CM-H2DCFDA assay, DAPI and AOPI double staining, comet assay, ICP-OES, and TEM, respectively. The mRNA expression and metabolic profiles were further assessed using quantitative real-time PCR and untargeted metabolomics based on ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-Orbitrap mass spectrometry (UHPLC-Orbitrap-MS), respectively. The results showed that AgNPs-GA inhibited 50% of the growth in A549 and BEAS-2B cells, with IC50 values ranging from 20–28 μg/ml and 12–35 μg/ml, respectively. The selective index (SI) values of AgNPs-GA were below 3, classifying it as a non-selective cytotoxic agent, as it induced general toxicity in both cancerous and non-cancerous cell types. AgNPs-GA were primarily internalized and deposited within lysosomes, nucleus, and mitochondria, leading to an increased release of ionic silver (Ag+) inside both cells.
Characterisation Of Hydroxyapatite Coated And Uncoated Titanium And Effects Towards Saos-2 Cells
(2024-04)
Hamid, Mohammad Idham Abd
Titanium and its alloys have been recently emphasised as potential biocompatible metals due to their good mechanical properties such as being low density but stronger, withstanding strain during internal fixation and having good durability. This study focused more on the biocompatibility study. In this study, uncoated and hydroxyapatite (HA) coated samples were used. HA-coated samples were prepared by coating HA onto a titanium alloy (Ti6Al4V) using the solvent casting method. The uncoated samples were prepared by grinding and polishing the Ti6Al4V samples. First characterisation was performed using Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope (FESEM) on both types of samples. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analyses were conducted with the coating of HA-coated samples. The biocompatibility of the samples was evaluated using Saos-2 cells using MTT, LDH and Sircol collagen assay. On FESEM characterisation, the coating of HA onto Ti6Al4V, achieved through the solvent casting method, led to irregularities in the morphological surface characteristics compared to uncoated Ti6Al4V. Analysis using X-ray Diffraction (XRD) demonstrated the presence of crystalline phase in the HA-coated Ti6Al4V. Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) analysis indicated the presence of phosphate and carbon organic compounds on the surface of HA-coated Ti6Al4V. A positive cell response to the titanium ions was revealed during the first 7 days of the biocompatibility study using the indirect method such as MTT, LDH and Sircol collagen assay.
Class Iii Skeletal Base In Malay Population: Characterisation Of Skeletal Phenotypes And Association With Familial Inheritance
(2023-03)
Ran, Arron Lim Yan
Class III skeletal discrepancy results from the disproportionate growth of the maxilla and mandible. Dentofacial skeletal features vary significantly between different ethnicities and Class III malocclusions, which are difficult to treat, were highly prevalent in Malaysians compared to other races. In the Malay population, the skeletal phenotypes of Class III skeletal base have never been investigated. Therefore, the general objective of this study was to investigate and characterise the different Class III skeletal phenotypes in a racially homogenous adult Malay population and determine their association with familial inheritance. This study also sought to determine the prevalence of Class I, Class II and Class III skeletal base among Malay patients attending the Advanced Medical and Dental Institute (AMDI) orthodontic clinic, determine the precursor for genetic analysis using multivariate reduction method and ascertain the proportion of familial occurrence of Class III skeletal base.
Clinicopathological Analysis And Mrna Expression Profiling Of G1/S Phase Cyclins And Cdk4 In Formalin Fixed Paraffin Embedded Colorectal Cancer Tissue
(2024-06)
Gururuloo, Sarminiyy Lenga
Introduction: colorectal cancer (crc) is the second most common cancer for both males and females in malaysia. Crc has become a serious health issue as it is mostly diagnosed in the later stage of cancer as well as due to the limitations in current treatment available in the medical industry. Many scientists have proven that crc is caused by the accumulation of certain altered genes over the years and evidence from the literature review reported that cell cycle regulator genes are one of them. However, inadequate research had been carried out on mrna expression studies, especially among the malaysian population. Objectives/hypothesis: the hypothesis for this study is that the mrna expression of cyclins d1, e1, a1, and cdk4 are significantly upregulated in crc tissues in malaysian subjects. Therefore, the objectives of this study are to determine the clinicopathological feature and to evaluate the mrna expression of cyclins d1, e1, a1, and cdk4 of the crc tissues in malaysian subjects, and to understand the correlation between cyclins d1, e1, a1, and cdk4 expressions and their compensatory mechanisms. Methodology: this preliminary study recruited 50 subjects and only 47 of them were histopathologically confirmed sporadic crc patients.
Comparison Of Analgesic Effect Of Subcutaneous Bupivacaine Infiltration And Intravenous Diclofenac Vs. Intravenous Diclofenac Alone In Inguinal Hernioplasty: A Retrospective, Single Centre Study In Gaza
(2023-10)
S Alijla, Said S
Postoperative pain is a significant problem encountered by patients after a surgical intervention, and there is a crucial need for effective postoperative pain control. Studies showed that multimodal analgesia and wound infiltration are effective ways to reduce this pain and have a substantial role in the reduction of postoperative medications requirement. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of subcutaneous infiltration of bupivacaine hydrochloride and intravenous diclofenac as postoperative pain relief in adults undergoing inguinal hernia repair. A single-centre retrospective case-control study included 104 patients aged 18-65 undergoing unilateral inguinal hernia repair at the selected hospital. The patients were in two groups of 52 each. Group A received 75 mg dose of IV diclofenac plus a subcutaneous injection of 10 mL of bupivacaine hydrochloride (HCl) 0.5% while Group B only received the IV diclofenac alone. The postoperative pain was assessed at one, two, three, six, and 12 hrs after the operation using the visual analog scale (VAS), which exhibited a range of pain from zero (no pain) to 10 (extreme pain). Of a total of 104 patients, 92% of patients were male. The mean age was 36 ± 11 years, and the mean body mass index (BMI) was 22 ± 3 kg/m2. American Society of Anesthesiologists physical class I was statistically insignificant between both groups (90.4% versus 84.6%).

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