Institut Perubatan & Pergigian Termaju - Tesis
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- PublicationFactors That Motivate And Hinder Temporarily Deffered First Time Blood Donors(2017-06)Darumalinggam, Thane MozeBackground: Blood donation in Malaysia is practised as voluntary non-remunerated. However recruiting and retaining blood donors remains as challenge in transfusion service. Along with that, the deferral rate has also increased. The aim of this study is to understand the motivating and hindering factors, then modifiable deferral rate can be improved especially among those first time donors. Methods: Four hundred and eighty first time temporary deferred whole blood donors from National Blood Centre (NBC), Kuala Lumpur, participated in this study from January 2014 till December 2014. Donors were randomly extracted from Blood Bank Information System by computer software. Based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria, the donors were categorized into 2 main groups of which one group of donor who return for blood donation and the other who did not return for donation after first time deferral. Each blood donor was contacted via telephone and questionnaire asked personally. Questionnaires were developed based on NBC donor criteria guideline and pilot study conducted for validation. Results: From 2010 - 2014, a total of 480 donors were included in this study. As 240 donors who returned and 240 donors who did not return for donation following first time temporary deferral. Donors who return were significantly younger than donor who did not return (29.5 years versus 35 years, p < 0.001). Socio- demography also significantly differs between return and did not return. Females had higher proportion (61.3%) for returned compared to males (38.8%). Singles (68.3%) were more likely to return for donation compared to married donors (31.7%). Relating to occupation; comparing return versus did not return donors professionals (38.8% versus 33.3%), student (26.4% versus 20.4%), general worker (2 1.9% versus 21.7%), uniform body (6.4% versus 9.6%) and housewife/unemployed (6.3% versus 15.0%). Donors who lived in urban areas were more likely to return for donation compared to donors who lived in rural areas (34.6%). Among factors that motivate donors to return for donation are self-satisfaction (25.8%), social contribution (24.6%), peer influence (16.7%), altruism (13.3%), family encouragement (13.3%) and others (6.3%). Factors that hinder donor from return for donation were no time (34.2%), loss of interest (20.8%), scared to be deferred (17.9%), don't know donation site (14.2%), no incentive (7.9%) and others (5.0%). Conclusion: In this study, clearly showed that younger generation, single and professionals from urban areas contributed to higher rate of return donor. Thus focusing on this category of donors to become regular donors will enable us to enhance and improve transfusion service in Malaysia.
- PublicationStudy On The Adsorption DNA On Β-cyclodextrin Coated Fe3 O4 Nanoparticles(2017-06)Goh, Ying HwaThe primary purpose of thi s study is to investigate the adsorpti on of deoxyribonucleic acid onto surface coated magnetic nanoparticles (MNP) by P-cyclodextrin. P-cyclodextrin coated magnetic nanoparticles, P-CD-MNP-TDI were used to adsorb and isolate deoxyribonucleic acid, DNA from liquid to solid phase. The amount of adsorbed DNA was measured using spectrophotometer at 258 nm. Different parameters affecting the adsorption of DNA onto nanoparticles were studied in this project to obtain the optimum adsorption condition for P-CD-MNP-TDI. Different kinetic, isoterms and thermodynamic models were used to study and described the adsorption behaviour of DNA onto nanoparticles. Surface-coated magnetic nanoparticles P-CD-MNP-TDI, in evident with study attested to work more efficient than magnetic nanoparticles with adsorption efficiency at 67%. The MNP and P-CD-MNP-TDI was characterized using fourier transform infrared (FT-lR) device and vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM). The characteristic spectra of P-CD-MNP-TDI was shown in the characteristic peak at 1657 cm-1 which is attributed by the dematerialization of isocyanate group which was originall y found on toluene-2,4-d iisocyanate (TDI) with the emergence of carbamate linkage (NHCO) at peaks 1657 cm-1 . The presence of carbamate linkage signifies the completion of polymerization between TOT and P-cyclodextrin. The magnetic moment ofP-CD-MNP-TDI (- ±40 emu/g) was lower than MNP magnetic moment(- ±60 emu/g)when both nanoparticles were subjected to the same amount of external magnetic field due to the present of the coating material which suggestively chaperone and reduced the inherently large surface energies. The optimum working parameter of ~-CD-MNP-TDI was found to be at pH 6, 298 K, with adsorption process reaching equilibrium at 20 minutes, and efficient initial DNA concentration being 10 mg/L. Ionic strength effect created by sodium chloride at range of 0 to 0.40 mol/L have minimal effect on the adsorption capacity of ~-CD-MNP-TDI. The adsorption efficiency of ~-CD-MNP-TDl was found to perform on a par of 70 ± 5 % after being recycled for three times. The adsorption isotherms and kinetics of DNA onto ~-CD-MNP-TDI was found to be best described by Freundlich isotherm, pseudo-second order kinetics. The entropy and enthalpy change of DNA on ~-CD-MNP-TDI were -1 2.1567 J/Kmol and -3.7371 J/mol respectively. The progression of Gibbs free energy from negative value to positive value indicates that the adsorption process is thermodynamically feasible, spontaneous and chemically controlled. The findings from the sorption studies suggest that the interaction between adsorbent and adsorbate occur through inclusion complex, hydrophobic interaction, hydrogen bonding and Vander Waals force.
- PublicationThe Effects Of 940 Nm Diode Laser On Morphology And Temperature Of Human Extracted Teeth(2018-06)Ahmed Ghazal, Rehab MahmoudTooth sensitivity is a totally common dental condition that could cause a huge obstacle for dentist and patient, due to the short, sharp pain arising as a response to stimulation applied on uncovered dentine. The aim of this investigation is to evaluate the effectiveness of 940 nm diode laser as a treatment modality for dentine hypersensitivity. The laser is expected to cause ultrastructural changes of dentine such as narrowing and plugging the wide dentinal tubules. The safest parameters to be used on the dental tissues to provoke the melting of dentine layer without damaging the pulp tissue by heat will be defined. Seven sound, caries free upper premolar teeth with two roots were collected. The teeth were extracted for orthodontic purpose or periodontal disease. Dentine surface were irradiated with a 940 nm diode laser at different output power settings: 1.5 W, 2.0 W and 2.5 W, continuously for 10 seconds. Each tooth had been divided into 4 groups: Group A (control), Group B (1.5 W), Group C (2.0 W) and Group D (2.5 W). Diode laser irradiations at 2.0 W and 2.5 W led to effectively narrowing or sealing of dentinal tubules without provoking carbonisation or any destruction on the dentine surface. Samples that had been irradiated with 1.5 W showed partially narrowing of the dentinal tubules. The pulp temperature increased during irradiation, within a range of 2.6°C to 7.3°C. The temperature increment for all samples was statistically significant (p-value < 0.001). From this study, it is observed that irradiation of 940 nm diode laser at 2.0 W and 2.5 W settings, for 10 seconds in a continuous mode, is able to seal the dentinal tubules. Additionally, these parameters are within the safe range as assessed by the morphology and changes in temperature of the samples, which will not cause a harmful effect to the pulp tissues, and could be effective in the treatment of dentinal hypersensitivity.
- PublicationSeroprevalence Of Hepatitis B In First- Time Blood Donors Of National Blood Centre After Implementation Of National Vaccination Programmе(2018)SOW, EMMYBackground: Malaysia's prevalence of hepatitis B is about 5% with the related mortality rate of 0.04 in 2013. Transmission preventive measures were implemented via national vaccination programme since 1989 with vaccine coverage of 99.3%. In Malaysia, universal blood donor screening for hepatitis B virus (HBV) using serology method was implemented since 1974 while nucleic acid testing (NAT) began since 2007 in National Blood Centre. Objective: To determine the seroprevalence of hepatitis B among first-time blood donors after implementation of national hepatitis B vaccination programme. Methods: A cross sectional study involving review of 215 Malaysian first time donors records that was screened positive for HBV and donated between 1st January 2010 to 31st December 2015 at National Blood Centre. Results: The overall prevalence of hepatitis B among the first-time blood donors of NBC from 1st January 2010 to 31st December 2015 was 0.15%. The prevalence of hepatitis B was higher at 0.23% among donors born before year 1989 (pre-vaccination era) compared to 0.05% among donors born in and after year 1989 (post-vaccination era). More donors born pre-vaccination era have known risk factors compared to the other group of donors. The stages of infection were highest for non-replicating followed by replicating and convalescence regardless year of birth. Among donors born pre-vaccination era, majority (97.2%) were HBsAg+, all were anti-HBc+, 30.3% were HBeAg+ and 71% were antiHBe+. For donors born post-vaccination era, 98.6% were HBsAg+ and anti-HBc+, 50% were HBeAg+ and 48.6% were antiHBe+. All donors were NAT+ irrespective of year of birth. There was significant association of the seroprevalence for HBeAg and anti-HBe with year of birth (p < 0.05). There was no association between stages of infection with risk factors and demographic characteristics of donors (p > 0.05). Conclusions: The prevalence of HBV among donors who received birth vaccination was lower than those who did not. Occult infection (anti-HBc+, NAT+ with HBsAg-) was also reduced in donors who received birth vaccination. Implementation of national vaccination programme for HBV infection has contributed to the reduction of HBV infection and in minimizing the risk of transfusion-related transmission.
- PublicationPolymeric Nano-encapsulation Of Наемоglobin Isolated From Expired Human Redblood Cells For Use As Blood Substitute(2018)Mahmud, KhadijahTo date, blood scarcity in transfusion service demand vigorous scientific works looking for possible red blood cells alternatives. In this study, we aim to isolate and purify human haemoglobin (hb) from expired red cells by multiple washing, sonication, organic extraction and dialysis method. Analysis of the UV-Vis spectrum comparing hb and red blood cells (RBC) showed that the protein has been isolated successfully. Subsequently, the hb was encapsulated by polymeric micelle upon hydrophobic interaction (micellisation) of the methoxy poly (ethylene glycol)-b-poly (E-caprolactone) (PEG-PCL), a diblock copolymer in an aqueous buffer. The hb-micelle complex was then further analysed for half-life, oxygen reversibility, and cell-viability assay. Average encapsulation efficiency of the hb within the polymeric micelle achieved 45%. This is due to the high solubility of free hb in aqueous solution limiting the entry of hb into the polymer. However, the result indicated that the average of two units hb were successfully encapsulated by each polymer micelle. The hbmicelle recorded a higher half-life of 112,242 mins as compared to 30 mins of the free hb alone during oxygen stability study. The hb-micelle system also showed the ability to bind oxygen reversibly. Oxygenation and deoxygenation processes recorded average of six cycles before the sample was evaporated due to oxygenation, in contrast with only one cycle at average for free hb as a control. In cell viability study, the hb-micelle sample with concentrations of 1.89 x10³mg/mL in two preparations of micelles at 1.0 and 2.0 mg/mL while as a control, free hb sample from human and free bovine at 0.1 mg/mL and 0.2 mg/mL concentrations and also bovine hb-micelle (hb concentration at 2.21 ×105 mg/mL) have been tested on murine macrophage cells (RAW 264.7), incubated for 24 hours before treatments. Treated cells were then incubated further for 48 hours where the cell viability analysed at time points of 4, 8, 24 and 48 h. Generally, the free hb recorded reduction in cell growth approximately by 10% and 18% as early as 4h compared to hb-micelle which showed no toxic effects on the cells until 24 hours onwards. This result probably due to the free hb from human used in the test may have contained lipid debris from the membrane lysis during extraction process. However, it showed that hb-micelle system can safely interact with normal cells for potential future use compared to free hb without encapsulation by polymer. These findings indicated the potential of the hb 'harvested' from expired human red cells encapsulated by the diblock copolymer for development as red blood cells substitute.