Pusat Pengajian Teknologi Industri - Tesis

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A Comprehensive Study On Microbial Activity And Lipids Extraction From Chicken By-Product Waste Via Supercritical Carbon Dioxide For Biodiesel Production
(2022-02)
Muhammad Khalish Mohammad Ilias
There is an increasing concern on the safe disposal and sustainable utilization of chicken by-product waste to minimize adverse environmental impacts. The disposal of chicken by-product waste into the landfill leads to the release of antibiotics resistant bacteria into the environment. However, chicken by-product waste contains about 50% fat. The presence of the enormous volume of fat content (about 50 wt.%) in the chicken by-product waste indicates that it could be utilized as a potential low-cost feedstock for biodiesel production. In the present study, the supercritical CO2 (scCO2) technology was utilized to sterilize the chicken by-product waste to ensure safe handling for the subsequent processing towards sustainable utilization of the waste byproduct. The presence of bacteria in the chicken by-product waste and their antibiotics susceptibility were identified. The experimental conditions of scCO2 sterilization were optimized based on the inactivation of the antibiotics resistance bacteria in chicken byproduct waste using Response Surface Methodology (RSM). The optimum experimental conditions for the complete inactivation of the antibiotics resistance bacteria in sterilized chicken by-product waste were scCO2 pressure 18 MPa, temperature 60 oC, and treatment time 45 min. The supercritical CO2 (scCO2) extraction is employed to separate lipids from sterilized chicken by-product waste for biodiesel production. The experimental conditions of scCO2 separation were optimized based on the maximum separation lipids from chicken by-product waste using Response Surface Methodology (RSM).
A Study On The Dual Application Of Black Soldier Fly Larvae (Hermetia Illucens): Protein-Rich Animal Feed And Biological Polyhydroxybutyrate (Phb) Extraction Agent
(2021-11)
Lydia Binti Mohamad
This study investigated the effect of different feeding strategies of black soldier fly larvae (BSFL) on the crude protein content of black soldier fly pre-pupae (BSFP) and to biologically extract the polymer by modifying the diet with bacterial cells containing polymer, PHB
Adhesion Properties Of Benzoly Peroxide Crosslinked Epoxidized Natural Rubber (ENR 25) - Based Pressure Sensitive Adhesives
(2014-10)
Suid, Nurul Hamiza
The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of crosslinking density, rate of testing and thickness coating on the adhesion properties of epoxidized natural rubber (ENR 25)-based adhesives using coumarone-indene, gum rosin and petroresin as the tacki fiers. Toluene and polyethylene terephthalate (PET) were used as solvent and coating substrate respectively. A SHEEN hand coater was used to coat the adhesive on the substrate. All adhesion properties were determined by a LJyod Adhesion Tester operating at different rates of testing. Results showed that the adhesion properties of ENR 25-based adhesive increased with crosslink density and reduced again after the optimum crosslink. The loop tack and peel strength of cournarone-indene, gum rosin and petroresin passed through a maximum value at I parts per hundred parts of rubber (phr), 2 phr and 3 phr benzoyl peroxide concentration respectively, an observation which was attributed to the optimum crosslinking of ENR 25 where optimum cohesive and adhesive strength was obtained.
Adulteration Detection Of Stingless Bee Honey Using Untargeted 1h-Nmr Metabolomics In Addressing The Limitation Of Stable Carbon Isotope Ratio Analysis
(2022-09)
Yong Chin Hong
As stingless bee honey (SBH) is gaining in popularity in the Malaysian market, it is now prone to adulteration. Some studies have found that the nutritional values of SBH may be similar if not more than honey bee honey (HBH), The higher price of SBH as compared to HBH has led to the use of unusual adulterants such as vinegar and even HBH to mimic the unique taste and appearance of SBH. To determine the authenticity of honey in general, the current internationally accepted method used is the Association of Official Analytical Chemists (AOAC) Internal Standard Carbon Isotope Ratio Analysis (ISCIRA) method.
Anti-candida And Microbiota Properties Of Breastmilk
(2023-08)
Nisaa, Azka Ainun
Breast milk has been reported to exert a beneficial effect in countering a variety of infections that has been exposed to the mother during her life, because antibodies are transferred to breast milk via mammary glands, a branching epithelial structure, consisting of milk-transporting lactiferous ducts and alveoli. While vaginal infections may occur randomly in women, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) reported that pregnant women had a higher prevalence, which increased the risk of preterm and systemic infections in the newborn (CDC, 2022). Vaginal infections remain a major concern in obstetrics and gynecology because it has been shown that the mother's vaginal microbiota can pass directly to the baby after vaginal delivery. This study aimed to investigate the different immunological, antimicrobial properties and microbiota profiles of breast milk from women with (W) or without (WO) vaginal yeast infections during pregnancy in 85 lactating women (W, n= 43; WO, n= 42). Immuno-modulatory properties of breast milk which was determined by commercial enzyme-linked immunoabsorbent assay (ELISA) had shown that concentrations of IL-10, IgA, IgM, IgG, EGF, and TGF-α were similar in both groups. However, breast milk of women aged below 31 years old from the W-group showed higher concentration of EGF than the WO-group (p=0.031). Inhibitory activity of breast milk against vaginal Candida was performed via aggregation and growth inhibition of yeast cells. Breast milk from WO-group exhibited higher anti-Candida properties than W-group (p<0.001).
Anti-Freeze Stabilizer System Based On Azidated Glycerol For Natural Rubber Latex
(2022-09)
Abd Samat, Siti Nuraya
Natural rubber latex (NRL) normally transported to any destination in colloid / liquid form. It requires large storage containers such as drums and the probability of latex leakage during transportation to happen is higher. To prevent the latex spillage, the liquid form of NRL was transform into solid / frozen latex by freezing method. However, negatively charged protein layer that stabilized NRL particles may be broken by ice crystals during freezing and these destabilized NRL particles will form big lump after thawing. So, this study proposed a new low temperature of stabilizer named azidated glycerol (AG) that will be incorporated in NRL liquid before freezing process. It is expected that AG able to act as colloid stabilizer thus preventing the coalescence of rubber participles from occurring after thawing. AG was prepared by a chemical reaction of pure glycerol with sodium azide. The resulting AG was then added into NRL colloid as an anti-freeze stabilizer to prevent the rubber latex particles from coalesces at a lower temperature. NRL containing AG was then freeze at a temperature of -4 °C. After 24 hours of freezing, the frozen latex was thaw at ambient temperature for 1 hour followed by heating in a water bath at 40 °C for another 1 hour.
Antibacterial Effects Of Phomopsidione Isolated From Diaporthe Fraxini Against Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus Aureus (Mrsa) With Gene Expression And Metabolomics Profiling
(2023-08)
Wei, Yee Min
The rising prevalence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) pathogens has contributed to a high mortality rate due to overuse and misuse of antibiotics. Among the MDR pathogens, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is the most threatening and poses the greatest impact on public health. Thus far, many bioactive ketone derivatives have been reported as anti-MRSA agents. Phomopsidione (C7H10O4), a bioactive ketone derivative isolated from Diaporthe fraxini, has previously demonstrated antibacterial effects. The present study was aimed to investigate the antibacterial and anti-biofilm effects of phomopsidione against MRSA and determine the phomopsidione-mediated modulation in virulence factors production. Additionally, the changes in gene expression and metabolites profile of MRSA in response to phomopsidione were examined. In broth microdilution assay, phomopsidione exhibited significant inhibitory activity against MRSA with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of 62.5 and 500.00 μg/mL, respectively. In crystal violet biofilm assay, phomopsidione inhibited and eradicated biofilm in a concentration-dependent manner. Phomopsidione showed significant reduction in the virulence factors production of MRSA at MIC and MBC when assessed using quantification of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS), catalase and lipase production assays.
Antibiotic Resistance Microbial Inactivation And Lipid Extraction From Sewage Sludge For Biodiesel Production Using Supercritical Co2 Technology
(2023-06)
Alyaa Abdulhussein Kareem Alsaedi
Safe disposal of municipal sewage sludge (MSS) is a various environmental issue in sewage treatment plants worldwide due to its enormous volume of generation and containing hazardous substances. Consequently, utilising MSS for biodiesel production would be positive initiative to reduce environmental contamination and produce alternative energy resources. Accordingly, the main aim of this study is to evaluate a sustainable utilization of municipal sewage sludge as a potential feedstock for biodiesel production.
Aquaculture Production And Employee Wellness Between Brackish Water And Freshwater Farmers In Penang State
(2023-09)
Zain, Nur Syafiqah Mat
Introduction: Aquaculture is seen as an essential food-producing sector for improving global food security and nutrition indices. The sustainability of the aquaculture industry depends strongly on the space, environment, ecology, economy, industry, human behaviour and the policy. Nevertheless, the overall aquaculture industry inherent lack of professional guidance and technical efficiency, and the intention of sustainable technologies utilization is often underreporting. This cross-sectional study evaluated the aquaculture stakeholders’ adoption readiness, perceived behaviour and determinant barriers towards sustainable aquaculture technologies. The study also examined the health complaints, mental status and quality of life of aquaculture workers. Methodology: A list of registered aquaculture farms was obtained from the Penang State Fisheries Department. Subsequently, an invitation letter was issued officially to all the listed aquaculture stakeholders, followed by individual telephone calls and research intention briefing. Aquaculture stakeholders were interviewed, and information about production trend, sales, management, technology adoption readiness, and barriers were gathered. The aquaculture workers' health complaints were collected, and mental health status was evaluated as means of depression, anxiety, stress and self-esteem. Self-perceived quality of life was assessed using a structured questionnaire. Results: The study involved the participation of 88 (84.6%) brackish water and 16 (15.4%) freshwater aquaculture stakeholders
Biological Treatment Of Spent Coffee Ground (Scg) And Its Influence On The Mechanical Properties Of Biopolymer Composite
(2023-09)
Boey, Jet Yin
This study aimed to develop biomass-reinforced biocomposites by employing spent coffee grounds (SCG) as reinforcement material and poly(lactic acid) (PLA), and poly(hydroxyalkanoate) (PHA) as the matrix. The investigation focused on assessing the effect of SCG content (10–40 wt%) and the PHA/PLA ratio (100/0, 75/25, 50/50, 25/75, and 0/100) on the properties of these biocomposites. The compounding process was conducted using a twin-screw extruder at a temperature of 220˚C at the feeding zone and 210˚C at the mixing zone at a rotating speed of 75 rpm. The mixture was then cooled and pelletized before it was compressed at a temperature of 190˚C using compression moulding for biocomposites making. The biocomposites were then cut according to the different testing dimensions. Incorporating SCG lowered the mechanical properties, primarily due to its incompatibility with the PHA/PLA matrix. This observation was confirmed through morphological analysis, which revealed a gap between the SCG and the matrix. SCG displayed a tendency to aggregate at loading of 40 wt%, leading to increased void formation (8.2–9.1%) compared to lower loading at 10 wt% (7.6–8.1%). A PHA/PLA ratio (50/50) with SCG loading (20 wt%) was chosen to make biocomposites with treated SCG. Biological treatment of SCG using P. chrysosporium CK01 and A. niger DWA8 indicated P. chrysosporium CK01 necessitated a higher moisture content (55%, w/w) for optimum growth and enzyme production, while the optimal condition for enzyme production differed from those promoting A. niger DWA8 growth.
Bioremediation Of Benzene And Its Derivatives Producing Renewable Energy Through Benthic Microbial Fuel Cells
(2022-10)
October 2022
Anthropogenic activities are largely responsible for the vast amounts of pollutants such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, cyanides, phenols, metal derivatives, sulphides, and other chemicals in wastewater through the source petrochemical and chemical industries. The excess benzene, toluene and xylene (BTX) can cause severe toxicity to living organisms in wastewater. Severral methods have been utilized like filtration, sedimentation, ozonation etc. BMFC is an emerging technology for the simultaneous production of renewable energy and bioremediation of BTX from wastewater by using sugar cane substrate. It is a different from microbial fuel cells because they lack a membrane. Benzene and toluene were oxidized into intermediate benzoic acid, while xylene was converted into 2-methyl benzoic acid then completely converted into carbon dioxide. The maximum potential was calculated using a multimetre, while current density and power density through the polarization curve of BMFC. UV–visible spectroscopy and cyclic voltammetry were used to determine bioremediation efficiency and specific capacitance, respectively. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy determined the overall internal resistance, and microbiological analysis revealed the bacteria present.
Celulosic Nanofiber Kenaf Bast Using Supercritical Co2 Technique As Reinforcement In Nanocomposite For Premium Packaging Applications
(2021-11)
Nurul `Atiqah Binti Mohd Saad
This study investigates the characteristic functional properties of cellulose nanofibers (CNF) from kenaf fiber extracted via a total chlorine-free (TCF) bleaching method followed by an eco-friendly supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO2) treatment process.
Characterisation Of Bacteriocin-Like Inhibitory Substances Derived From Locally Isolated Lactobacillus Paracasei Fd1 And Its Synergic Impact With Antibiotics
(2022-09)
Tang Hock Wei
The goal of this research is to minimise antibiotic use while also looking at the synergistic impact of antibiotics and BLIS produced by locally isolated lactic acid bacteria, Lactobacillus paracasei FD1, from fermented durian. Synergistic effect was combining BLIS, BLIS MIC, and BLIS IC50 with antibiotics at working concentrations for antibiotics that show zero effectiveness against multidrug resistance, while BLIS, BLIS MIC, and BLIS IC50 combined with MIC and IC50 of antibiotics that show ability to inhibit multidrug resistance.
Characterization And Environmental Sustainability Assessment Of Groundwater System As An Auxiliary Resource For Paddy Irrigation In Labu Kubong, Teluk Intan, Perak
(2023-09)
Akhtar, Naseem
The challenges facing Malaysia, such as inadequate water management, climate change, drought, and water pollution, are becoming more severe, leading to water stress in isolated paddy plot areas. The study highlights the role of groundwater as an auxiliary resource for paddy irrigation to counteract the alarming trend of the shrinking "rice bowl" area in Labu Kubong. Knowledge of the potential well yield of groundwater resources is critical not only for groundwater resource management purposes but also to determine the significant impact of associated water consumed in groundwater infrastructure and development. Therefore, this study's objectives are: (i) To analyse the geophysical profile of the subsurface area, (ii) To characterize the vertical profiling of soil textures and elemental compositions in the borehole, (iii) To evaluate the transmissivity, hydraulic conductivity and storativity of the aquifer, and (iv) To assess the impact potentials of water consumed associated with the groundwater system. Results showed that the aquifer consists of a sand-silt sequence with an average percentage of 94% and 6%, respectively indicating an alluvial environment with hard rock underlying the Gula Formation. The transmissivity (T), hydraulic conductivity (K), and storativity (S) were evaluated from the series of pumping tests in years 2020 and 2021.
Characterization Of Carbohydrate And Protein Accumulation In Oil Palm Trees
(2018-09)
Natra, Joseph Stalin
This study characterized the accumulation of non-structural carbohydrate and protein in the oil palm trees. The starch and sugar are the main constituent contained in non-structural-carbohydrate. In this research, the starch and sugar accumulation in standing oil palm trees are characterized based on different growth conditions, then further analysed based position along the oil palm stem and influence of the weather fluctuation. The effect of storing on non-structural carbohydrate and protein content based on height in felled oil palm trunk also has been characterized. In the study on standing oil palm trees, eight oil palm trees was selected and divided equally into two different groups which are Non-Fruit Removal Trees (NFRT) and Fruit Removal Trees (FRT).
Characterization Of Green Composites Films From Agar As A Potential Packaging Material
(2022-07)
Nor Azlina, Ismail
ABSTRACT Agar is a biopolymer extracted from certain red algae. The transparent film made from agar gum is becoming a common and renewable alternative for plastic-based food packaging materials. Agar have speciality in properties such as, high gel strength at low concentration, low viscocity and riversible process.. However, the film produced has poor properties such as brittle, high moisture permeability, and poor thermal stability. Hence the effect on addition of four types of plasticizers (Glycerol, PEG 200, PEG 1000 dan PEG 2000) with variation (10, 20,30 and 40%) has been done. Based on the results obtained, the plasticizing agent PEG 1000 at an addition of 40% was selected for the study of addition of crosslinking agents namely calcium chloride and acrylic resin. To reduce the hydrophilicity properties of agar composites based film, the addition of 40% (w/w) acrylic, whereas the film with the addition of 2% CaCl2 and an immersion time of 4 minutes showed a tensile strength of 57.54 MPa and a breaking point elongation of 1.20%. The agar film with the addition of 1000 PEG 40% showed a tensile strength of 29.02 MPa and a breaking point elongation of 3.19%. This indicates that the addition of acrylic resin as a cross linking agent not only reduces the hydrophilic properties of the film in order to increase the tensile strength. However, the break point elongation results showed a decrease after the addition of acrylic resin. From the infrared diffraction analysis (FTIR) proved the presence of acrylic resin in the film produced with the presence of a peak of 1728.32 cm-1 explains the existence of carbonyl group (C = O).
Characterization Of Hydrophobic Seaweed Film Reinforced With Kenaf Bast Cellulose Nanofibers
(2022-09)
Che Ismail, Che Mohamad Hazwan
Plastics are durable and resistant to biodegradation processes in the natural environment. Intensive researches have been conducted in past to develop the film from the natural source. The seaweed-based film showed excellent functional properties, so there is a need to investigate its performance and impact on surroundings to determine its longevity and harmfulness. Using kenaf nanocellulose as filler reinforcement is well known to increase the mechanical properties of films. The hydrophilicity nature of the seaweed can be countered by silane treatment using triethoxymethyl silane to give hydrophobicity properties to the film. The nanocellulose based seaweed film were prepared using solvent casting process. In this research project, study on physicochemical properties of the biodegradable film and its performance has been completed. This study include the understanding of the mechanical, physical, chemical, thermal, morphology, biodegradability, and hydrophilicity properties of the film. Detail study has been carried out to identify the optimum measure of silane surface treatment on seaweed films hydrophobicity. Different amounts of nanocellulose incorporated within the seaweed film also has been studied and compared to one another. The rate of water interaction with the seaweed films were measure by calculate the weight increase with respect to time.
Characterization Of Oil Palm Shell Nano Filler In Hybrid Kenaf/Coconut Fibres Reinforced Polyester Composites
(2014-09)
September 2014
In this research, hybrid kenaflcoconut fibres reinforced polyester composites were developed and enhanced with nano filler Oil Palm Shell (OPS). The raw OPS was subjected to grinding followed by high-energy ball milling for 30 hours to become OPS nano particles. Characterization of OPS nano filler such as surface morphologies, elemental composition and functional groups were evaluated by using Scanning Electron Microscopy equipped with Energy Dispersive X-ray Analysis (SEM with EDX), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR) respectively. The SEM-EDX images revealed that OPS nano filler produced consisted of crushed and irregular shape structures with presence of carbon and oxygen as a major elements composition. Besides, Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM), X-ray Diffraction (XRD) and Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA) were used to characterize particle size, crystallinity index and thermal properties of OPS nano filler respectively. The TEM micrograph revealed that OPS particles size ranged between 10 to 30 nm indicates their nanometric nature.
Characterization Of Regenerated Cellulose Films From Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunch Incorporated With Bifeo3 As A Potential Photocatalyst
(2022-04)
Dinesh Weerasooriya, Poonanulkarage Ruwan
There is an increasing interest in regenerated cellulose (RC) films for advanced applications using natural polymers and renewable materials. Also, photocatalytic degradation is an ecofriendly novel approach to purify waste water. Initially, RC films were isolated via solution casting process using oil palm empty fruit bunch (OPEFB) based microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) and the ionic liquid 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride ([BMIM]Cl). Effects of MCC on the structures and physicochemical properties of the isolated RC films were determined for 4 wt%, 6.5 wt%, and 9 wt% of MCC at 80 °C. Several analytical methods were employed to evaluate degree of crystallinity, chemical stability, mechanical properties, morphology, opacity, water vapor permeability and thermal stability of the RC films. The results showed that the addition of 6.5 wt% of MCC yielded the greatest tensile strength, 10.2 MPA.
Cleaning And Sterilization Of Sheep Wool Fiber Using Supercritical Carbon Dioxide
(2022-09)
Allafi, Faisal Aboelkasim Salem
Sheep wool is utilized as a textile material for clothing and high-quality fabric in the modern textile industry. Raw sheep wool contains dirt, suint and wax. Thus it requires an effective cleaning process to remove contaminants. Existing sheep wool processing requires a huge amount of fresh water and the addition of toxic chemicals which results in the generation of toxic effluent and wool fibre damage. Besides, contaminates with pathogenic bacteria. Therefore, it is urged for an effective technology to eliminate pathogenic microorganisms for safe handling. In this study, supercritical carbon dioxide scCO2 was used to treat sheep wool fibre as a waterless and effective alternative to existing sheep wool processing. The pathogenic bacteria in sheep wool fibre were determined using molecular identification with ribosomal ribonucleic acid 16sRNA. The influences of scCO2 sterilization and cleaning of sheep wool fibre were determined with varying pressure (10-40 MPa), temperature (32-80 oC), and treatment time (30-90 min). Subsequently, the physicochemical, thermo-mechanical properties and surface morphology of scCO2 treated and untreated fibre were determined using various analytical means.

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