Pusat Pengajian Teknologi Industri - Tesis

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A Study On The Dual Application Of Black Soldier Fly Larvae (Hermetia Illucens): Protein-Rich Animal Feed And Biological Polyhydroxybutyrate (Phb) Extraction Agent
(2021-11)
Lydia Binti Mohamad
This study investigated the effect of different feeding strategies of black soldier fly larvae (BSFL) on the crude protein content of black soldier fly pre-pupae (BSFP) and to biologically extract the polymer by modifying the diet with bacterial cells containing polymer, PHB
Adhesion Properties Of Ultraviolet-Cured Rubber Based Adhesives By Benzoyl Peroxide As Sole Initiator
(2024-07)
Goon, Shuang Er
UV initiators are generally more expensive than conventional free radical initiator. Furthermore, combining UV initiator with conventional free radical initiator may induce initiation complication. Thus, there is a need to assess conventional free radical initiator such as benzoyl peroxide as sole UV-initiator to initiate crosslinking in UV-cured rubber-based adhesive. This study is significant since it addresses another characteristic of benzoyl peroxide as sole UV-initiator in contrast with its common role as thermal catalyst. This study will contribute to the existing literature by examining the adhesion properties of UV-cured rubber based adhesives by benzoyl peroxide as sole initiator. Parameters analysed were number of UV passes (0, 5, 10, 15, 20), coating thickness (60 μm and 120 μm) and type of rubber (SMR-L, ENR-25, ENR-50). The first objective is to assess the abilities of benzoyl peroxide as sole UV-initiator to initiate crosslinking in rubber-based adhesive as evaluated by viscosity measurement, gel content test, FTIR and pendulum hardness.
Adulteration Detection Of Stingless Bee Honey Using Untargeted 1h-Nmr Metabolomics In Addressing The Limitation Of Stable Carbon Isotope Ratio Analysis
(2022-09)
Yong Chin Hong
As stingless bee honey (SBH) is gaining in popularity in the Malaysian market, it is now prone to adulteration. Some studies have found that the nutritional values of SBH may be similar if not more than honey bee honey (HBH), The higher price of SBH as compared to HBH has led to the use of unusual adulterants such as vinegar and even HBH to mimic the unique taste and appearance of SBH. To determine the authenticity of honey in general, the current internationally accepted method used is the Association of Official Analytical Chemists (AOAC) Internal Standard Carbon Isotope Ratio Analysis (ISCIRA) method.
An Integrated Herbicide Remediation System Utilizing Modified Biochar From Palm Kernel Shells And Water Hyacinth (Eichhornia Crassipes)
(2025-06)
Flafel, Hamza Mohamed M
Herbicide contamination in aquatic environments poses significant environmental and public health risks due to the persistence, mobility, and toxicity of these chemicals. Traditional remediation methods often lack efficiency, sustainability, or cost-effectiveness, highlighting the need for innovative approaches. This study focuses on the synthesis and characterization of nitrogen-modified biochar derived from palm kernel shells (pks), exploring its adsorption performance for herbicides and assessing its role in biochar-assisted phytoremediation.To achieve this, an integrated system utilizing biochar modified with melamine, in combination with the wetland plant eichhornia crassipes (water hyacinth), was developed for the remediation of three commonly used herbicides: diuron, paraquat, and 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-d) in aqueous solutions. The modified biochar (pks-bm) underwent comprehensive characterization, including proximate and elemental analysis, x-ray diffraction (xrd), fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (ftir), brunauer-emmett-teller (bet) analysis, particle size distribution, scanning electron microscopy (sem), and transmission electron microscopy (tem). These analyses confirmed enhanced adsorption properties, with a high bet surface area, a mesoporous structure, and significant nitrogen content due to melamine doping, outperforming powdered palm kernel shells (ppks) and biochar activated solely by koh (pks-b).
Antibacterial Effects Of Phomopsidione Isolated From Diaporthe Fraxini Against Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus Aureus (Mrsa) With Gene Expression And Metabolomics Profiling
(2023-08)
Wei, Yee Min
The rising prevalence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) pathogens has contributed to a high mortality rate due to overuse and misuse of antibiotics. Among the MDR pathogens, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is the most threatening and poses the greatest impact on public health. Thus far, many bioactive ketone derivatives have been reported as anti-MRSA agents. Phomopsidione (C7H10O4), a bioactive ketone derivative isolated from Diaporthe fraxini, has previously demonstrated antibacterial effects. The present study was aimed to investigate the antibacterial and anti-biofilm effects of phomopsidione against MRSA and determine the phomopsidione-mediated modulation in virulence factors production. Additionally, the changes in gene expression and metabolites profile of MRSA in response to phomopsidione were examined. In broth microdilution assay, phomopsidione exhibited significant inhibitory activity against MRSA with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of 62.5 and 500.00 μg/mL, respectively. In crystal violet biofilm assay, phomopsidione inhibited and eradicated biofilm in a concentration-dependent manner. Phomopsidione showed significant reduction in the virulence factors production of MRSA at MIC and MBC when assessed using quantification of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS), catalase and lipase production assays.
Antioxidant And Antimicrobial Properties Of Tree Peony (Paeonia Suffruticosa) And Apple Flower (Malus Spp.)
(2014-03)
Han, Ching Voon
In the present thesis, results revealed tree peony (Paeonia suffruticosa) and apple flower (Malus spp.) buds to have high crude protein (15.73 and 26.30%), fibre (13.11 and 16.51%), and carbohydrate (57.84 and 40.63%) contents. Both the flowers had significant amounts of essential amino acids and unsaturated fatty acids. Essential minerals present in tree peony and apple flowers were potassium (1540.37 and 1125.60 mg/lOOg), calcium (462.46 and 449.98 mg/100g), magnesium (241.51 and 164.23 mg/lOOg), sodium (12.75 and 20.06 mg/100g), and phosphorus (420.00 and 590.00 mg/lOOg), respectively. Heavy metals (cadmium, nickel, mercury, lead, and arsenic) were detected in trace amounts « 0.50 mg/lOOg) in both the flower buds. Besides, the total phenolic, total condensed tannin, total flavonoid, and total anthocyanin content of methanol, ethanol, and hot water extracts of tree peony ranged from 107.86 to 163.67 mg GAE/g sample, from 5.26 to 13.98 mg CE/g sample, from 22.18 to 30.06 mg CE/g sample, from 21.11 to 41.67 mg C-3-GEII00 g sample, respectively. While the total phenolic, condensed tannin, and total flavonoid content of apple flower ranged from 26.64 to 57.06 mg GAE/g sample, from 2.71 to 13.24 mg CE/g sample, from 31.63 to 78.12 mg CE/g sample, respectively. Anthocyanin was only detected in the methanol extract in 1.67 mg C-3- GEIIOO g sample. In term of antioxidant activities, the DPPH radical scavenging activity, FRAP and TAC of tree peony ranged from 82.27 to 92.10%, from 2.47 to 3.84 mmol Fe2+/g sample, and from 72.37 to 105.14 mg AAE/g sample, respectively.
Biological Treatment Of Spent Coffee Ground (Scg) And Its Influence On The Mechanical Properties Of Biopolymer Composite
(2023-09)
Boey, Jet Yin
This study aimed to develop biomass-reinforced biocomposites by employing spent coffee grounds (SCG) as reinforcement material and poly(lactic acid) (PLA), and poly(hydroxyalkanoate) (PHA) as the matrix. The investigation focused on assessing the effect of SCG content (10–40 wt%) and the PHA/PLA ratio (100/0, 75/25, 50/50, 25/75, and 0/100) on the properties of these biocomposites. The compounding process was conducted using a twin-screw extruder at a temperature of 220˚C at the feeding zone and 210˚C at the mixing zone at a rotating speed of 75 rpm. The mixture was then cooled and pelletized before it was compressed at a temperature of 190˚C using compression moulding for biocomposites making. The biocomposites were then cut according to the different testing dimensions. Incorporating SCG lowered the mechanical properties, primarily due to its incompatibility with the PHA/PLA matrix. This observation was confirmed through morphological analysis, which revealed a gap between the SCG and the matrix. SCG displayed a tendency to aggregate at loading of 40 wt%, leading to increased void formation (8.2–9.1%) compared to lower loading at 10 wt% (7.6–8.1%). A PHA/PLA ratio (50/50) with SCG loading (20 wt%) was chosen to make biocomposites with treated SCG. Biological treatment of SCG using P. chrysosporium CK01 and A. niger DWA8 indicated P. chrysosporium CK01 necessitated a higher moisture content (55%, w/w) for optimum growth and enzyme production, while the optimal condition for enzyme production differed from those promoting A. niger DWA8 growth.
Bioremediation Of Refinery Oil Sludge With Food Waste Digestate As Feedstock
(2025-02)
Adnan, Muhammad Syahmi Najmi Mat
This study was to assess the bioremediation potential of food waste digestate (fwd) for treating refinery oil sludge (os), addressing significant environmental and waste management challenges. Os is a byproduct of petroleum refining poses an environmental risk due to its complex hydrocarbon and persistent pollutants. Recent petroleum oil sludge treatment methods approach possesses fundamental drawbacks in terms of operating expenses, effectiveness, and produce secondary pollutants. Food waste (fw) is a global crisis as it is disposed of through incineration and landfills that produce greenhouse gas (ghg) pollution, methane emission from landfill decomposition, and water pollution affecting social, environmental, and economic issues. This study aims to investigate the potential of using fwd as valuable resources for co-digestion with os by identifying the microbial morphology in fwd, assessing the effectiveness in enhancing the total petroleum hydrocarbon (tph) degradation rates, and examining its potential as a soil amendment via seed germination test.
Carbon Dioxide Exchanges Between The Atmosphere And Seawater At The Northern Straits Of Malacca Using The Eddy Covariance Method And Remote Sensing
(2024-10)
Swesi, Abdulghani Essayah Musbah
Owing to its numerous sources and sinks, carbon dioxide (CO2) is one of the best-known climatically important gases that exhibits significant temporal and geographical variations. Therefore, we investigated sources and sinks of carbon in a tropical coastal area. This study focuses on the variables influencing the coastal input and output of carbon flux of the sea.
Celulosic Nanofiber Kenaf Bast Using Supercritical Co2 Technique As Reinforcement In Nanocomposite For Premium Packaging Applications
(2021-11)
Nurul `Atiqah Binti Mohd Saad
This study investigates the characteristic functional properties of cellulose nanofibers (CNF) from kenaf fiber extracted via a total chlorine-free (TCF) bleaching method followed by an eco-friendly supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO2) treatment process.
Characterization And Utilization Of Extracted Starch And Particles From Oil Palm Trunk For Particleboard Manufacturing
(2014-12)
Mohd Salleh, Kushairi
This study investigated the potential of the oil palm particles and oil palm starch produced and extracted from the oil palm trunk. Commercial rubberwood particles and wheat starch were used as a comparison. The starches were modified with polyvinyl alcohol to change its properties for better performance. Basic properties of raw materials were determined for their final properties of the boards. The raw materials were also characterized using scanning electron microscopy, xray diffractometry analysis, thermogravimetric analysis, and differential scanning calorimetry analysis. Comparisons were made between boards and panels bonded with urea formaldehyde were used as a control board. The physical and mechanical testing carried out based on japanese industrial standard a5908, which include density, moisture content, dimensional stability testing, and mechanical strength. All mechanical properties met the requirements, but none of the physical properties met the requirements except for moisture content. The panels made using the oil palm particles and bonded with the oil palm starch showed better mechanical properties, but poor dimensional stability compared to those panels made with the rubberwood particles, and panels bonded with the wheat starch.
Characterization Of Carbohydrate And Protein Accumulation In Oil Palm Trees
(2018-09)
Natra, Joseph Stalin
This study characterized the accumulation of non-structural carbohydrate and protein in the oil palm trees. The starch and sugar are the main constituent contained in non-structural-carbohydrate. In this research, the starch and sugar accumulation in standing oil palm trees are characterized based on different growth conditions, then further analysed based position along the oil palm stem and influence of the weather fluctuation. The effect of storing on non-structural carbohydrate and protein content based on height in felled oil palm trunk also has been characterized. In the study on standing oil palm trees, eight oil palm trees was selected and divided equally into two different groups which are Non-Fruit Removal Trees (NFRT) and Fruit Removal Trees (FRT).
Characterization Of Green Composites Films From Agar As A Potential Packaging Material
(2022-07)
Nor Azlina, Ismail
ABSTRACT Agar is a biopolymer extracted from certain red algae. The transparent film made from agar gum is becoming a common and renewable alternative for plastic-based food packaging materials. Agar have speciality in properties such as, high gel strength at low concentration, low viscocity and riversible process.. However, the film produced has poor properties such as brittle, high moisture permeability, and poor thermal stability. Hence the effect on addition of four types of plasticizers (Glycerol, PEG 200, PEG 1000 dan PEG 2000) with variation (10, 20,30 and 40%) has been done. Based on the results obtained, the plasticizing agent PEG 1000 at an addition of 40% was selected for the study of addition of crosslinking agents namely calcium chloride and acrylic resin. To reduce the hydrophilicity properties of agar composites based film, the addition of 40% (w/w) acrylic, whereas the film with the addition of 2% CaCl2 and an immersion time of 4 minutes showed a tensile strength of 57.54 MPa and a breaking point elongation of 1.20%. The agar film with the addition of 1000 PEG 40% showed a tensile strength of 29.02 MPa and a breaking point elongation of 3.19%. This indicates that the addition of acrylic resin as a cross linking agent not only reduces the hydrophilic properties of the film in order to increase the tensile strength. However, the break point elongation results showed a decrease after the addition of acrylic resin. From the infrared diffraction analysis (FTIR) proved the presence of acrylic resin in the film produced with the presence of a peak of 1728.32 cm-1 explains the existence of carbonyl group (C = O).
Characterization Of Hemicellulose-Carboxymethyl Cellulose Blend Biofilm Fabricated From Oil Palm Trunk
(2024-06)
Ridzuan, Farah Fazlina Mohd
The use of synthetic polymers is not essential due to environmental issues. Hence, the green materials have been extracted from biomass waste to produce a biopolymer in order to replace the synthetic polymer. Oil palm trunk (opt) is a solid waste that is abundantly available throughout the year. Due to this concern, hemicellulose film (hc) and carboxymethyl cellulose (cmc) were successfully prepared from oil palm trunk (opt) in this research study. Hc and cmc were blended by the solution casting method to produce blend biofilm at 0%, 20%, 40%, 60%, and 80 % hc and cmc loading. The cmc used was compared between commercial cmc (cmc-c) and the extracted opt cmc (cmc-t). The raw material and biofilm sample were characterized by chemical composition, fourier transmission infrared spectroscopy (ftir), energy-dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (sem-edx), x-ray diffraction (xrd), thickness, visual transparency, contact angle, solubility, moisture content, tensile strength, scanning electron microscopy (sem), differential scanning calorimetry (dsc), thermogravimetric analysis (tga) and biodegradability analysis. According to the results, chemical composition showed that the vascular bundle had more cellulose while the parenchyma had more hc. Moreover, the ftir of parenchyma and vascular bundle were successfully identified. Then, the sem-edx and xrd revealed the element in cmc, and the crystallinity of cellulose reduced when the chemical structure was interrupted by the addition of carboxymethyl group. Then, the result of hc-cmc blend biofilm revealed that the thickness increased while the visual transparency contact angle decreased.
Characterization Of Hydrophobic Seaweed Film Reinforced With Kenaf Bast Cellulose Nanofibers
(2022-09)
Che Ismail, Che Mohamad Hazwan
Plastics are durable and resistant to biodegradation processes in the natural environment. Intensive researches have been conducted in past to develop the film from the natural source. The seaweed-based film showed excellent functional properties, so there is a need to investigate its performance and impact on surroundings to determine its longevity and harmfulness. Using kenaf nanocellulose as filler reinforcement is well known to increase the mechanical properties of films. The hydrophilicity nature of the seaweed can be countered by silane treatment using triethoxymethyl silane to give hydrophobicity properties to the film. The nanocellulose based seaweed film were prepared using solvent casting process. In this research project, study on physicochemical properties of the biodegradable film and its performance has been completed. This study include the understanding of the mechanical, physical, chemical, thermal, morphology, biodegradability, and hydrophilicity properties of the film. Detail study has been carried out to identify the optimum measure of silane surface treatment on seaweed films hydrophobicity. Different amounts of nanocellulose incorporated within the seaweed film also has been studied and compared to one another. The rate of water interaction with the seaweed films were measure by calculate the weight increase with respect to time.
Characterization Of Oil Palm Shell Nano Filler In Hybrid Kenaf/Coconut Fibres Reinforced Polyester Composites
(2014-09)
September 2014
In this research, hybrid kenaflcoconut fibres reinforced polyester composites were developed and enhanced with nano filler Oil Palm Shell (OPS). The raw OPS was subjected to grinding followed by high-energy ball milling for 30 hours to become OPS nano particles. Characterization of OPS nano filler such as surface morphologies, elemental composition and functional groups were evaluated by using Scanning Electron Microscopy equipped with Energy Dispersive X-ray Analysis (SEM with EDX), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR) respectively. The SEM-EDX images revealed that OPS nano filler produced consisted of crushed and irregular shape structures with presence of carbon and oxygen as a major elements composition. Besides, Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM), X-ray Diffraction (XRD) and Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA) were used to characterize particle size, crystallinity index and thermal properties of OPS nano filler respectively. The TEM micrograph revealed that OPS particles size ranged between 10 to 30 nm indicates their nanometric nature.
Characterization Of Regenerated Cellulose Films From Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunch Incorporated With Bifeo3 As A Potential Photocatalyst
(2022-04)
Dinesh Weerasooriya, Poonanulkarage Ruwan
There is an increasing interest in regenerated cellulose (RC) films for advanced applications using natural polymers and renewable materials. Also, photocatalytic degradation is an ecofriendly novel approach to purify waste water. Initially, RC films were isolated via solution casting process using oil palm empty fruit bunch (OPEFB) based microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) and the ionic liquid 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride ([BMIM]Cl). Effects of MCC on the structures and physicochemical properties of the isolated RC films were determined for 4 wt%, 6.5 wt%, and 9 wt% of MCC at 80 °C. Several analytical methods were employed to evaluate degree of crystallinity, chemical stability, mechanical properties, morphology, opacity, water vapor permeability and thermal stability of the RC films. The results showed that the addition of 6.5 wt% of MCC yielded the greatest tensile strength, 10.2 MPA.
Cleaning And Sterilization Of Sheep Wool Fiber Using Supercritical Carbon Dioxide
(2022-09)
Allafi, Faisal Aboelkasim Salem
Sheep wool is utilized as a textile material for clothing and high-quality fabric in the modern textile industry. Raw sheep wool contains dirt, suint and wax. Thus it requires an effective cleaning process to remove contaminants. Existing sheep wool processing requires a huge amount of fresh water and the addition of toxic chemicals which results in the generation of toxic effluent and wool fibre damage. Besides, contaminates with pathogenic bacteria. Therefore, it is urged for an effective technology to eliminate pathogenic microorganisms for safe handling. In this study, supercritical carbon dioxide scCO2 was used to treat sheep wool fibre as a waterless and effective alternative to existing sheep wool processing. The pathogenic bacteria in sheep wool fibre were determined using molecular identification with ribosomal ribonucleic acid 16sRNA. The influences of scCO2 sterilization and cleaning of sheep wool fibre were determined with varying pressure (10-40 MPa), temperature (32-80 oC), and treatment time (30-90 min). Subsequently, the physicochemical, thermo-mechanical properties and surface morphology of scCO2 treated and untreated fibre were determined using various analytical means.
Co2 Biofixation And Carbohydrate Biosynthesis By Locally Isolated Acidophilic Microalgae For Biobutanol Production Through Simultaneous Saccharification And Fermentation
(2023-09)
Tan, Kean Meng
Butanol is a common chemical that used as an additive for automotive fuel. Among the production methods, the biobutanol synthesised through acetone-butanol-ethanol (ABE) fermentation process. The ABE fermentation using microalgae biomass that contains high carbohydrate with less lignin, which is suitable to be biobutanol feedstock. The potential of microalgae for biological CO2 biosequestration, making them value-added compared to other bioresources. In addition, the promising single-step saccharification and fermentation (SSF) process during ABE fermentation, has opened up a novel ground for advancement in economic biobutanol production. Based on this study, a total of two native acidophilic microalgae were successfully isolated and were identified as Coccomyxa dispar and Scenedesmus parvus strains. The C. dispar and S. parvus exhibited highest in terms of biomass productivity, carbohydrate productivity, and CO2 biofixation when cultivated under the elevated condition. Apart from that, the carbohydrate-related genes and proteins were also been investigated in this study. Based on the transcriptomic analysis, the results showed that a significant upregulated of carbohydrate-related genes such as AGB, SS, ISA, AGPase, ME, G6PD, Accc, RuBC, and CA that involved in C. dispar, while PGM, AGB, SS, AGPase, ME, DGAT, RuBC, and CA involved in S. parvus
Combination Of Aspergillus Niger Fermentation And Broken Rice As Coagulant For Treatment Of Palm Oil Mill Effluents
(2023-08)
Kamaludin, Ramizah
One of the biggest issues faced by the palm oil industry is the released POME in their daily production. Prior to being released into the environment, palm oil mill effluent (POME) is frequently treated at industrial scale using ponding systems. The primary goal of this study was to treat POME prior discharge into environment at established standard limit. When Aspergillus niger was used to treat the collected POME, its critical parameters, including chemical oxygen demand, total suspended solids, phosphorus content, ammoniacal nitrogen content, and its amylase activity, were monitored throughout the fermentation. Before starting the fermentation of the POME in the 2.5 L stirred-tank bioreactor, the POME was pretreated with various sonification frequencies. The POME fermentation in the shake flask was initially carried out by varying the pH value. The pH and the sonification frequency were used as a pretreatment before starting the biological treatment. The best pH value and sonification frequency with the highest chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal percentage was then selected. The secondary treatment, which involves the coagulation treatment utilizing broken rice as the natural coagulant, was also continued on the treated POME. The influence of temperature, pH, curing time, and broken rice dose was assessed for this treatment's coagulation via optimization using one-factor-at-a-time (OFAT).

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