Pusat Pengajian Teknologi Industri - Tesis

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The Structure of Accelerated Sulphur Vulcanizates of Styrene-Butadiene Rubber And Acrylonitrile-Butadiene Rubber
(1984-02)
Wong, Kwai Wah
Structural characterisation of CBS-accelerated vulcanizates of SBR and NBR as a function of type of cure system and cure time was investigated.
Kajian Resonans Magnet Nukleus Denyut Dan Kalorimetri Penskanan Diferensial Ke Atas Retrogradasi Kanji
(1992-11)
Teo, Chin Heng
suatu kaedah NMR denyut yang cepat dan tak memusnah telah diperkembangkan untuk mengkaji retrogradasi kanji. Kaedah ini berdasarkan prinsip bahawa isyarat NMR dari komponen 'seperti pepejal' dan komponen cecair bagi sesuatu sistem menyusut pada kadar yang amat berbeza berikutan satu denyutan frekuensi radio 90°. Penghabluran semula dan persekutuan molekul kanji yang berlaku semasa penuaan gel kanji menyebabkan peningkatan komponen 'seperti pepejal' di dalam sistem. Sebaliknya, isyarat dari komponen cecair berkurangan. Kaedah ini telah digunakan untuk mengkaji kinetiks retrogradasi kanji-kanji dari asal usul botanikaI yang berlainan dan kelakuan retrogradasi campuran-campuran binari kanji. Persamaan Avrami telah.digunakan untuk mengkaji kinetiks retrogradasi.
Studies On The Flotation Of Cassiterite And Struve Rite
(1993-09)
Hussin, Kamarudin
The flotation of cassiterite and struverite by tetra-sodium sulphosuccinamate as a collector was examined in the light of adsorption studies and zeta potential measurements. It was observed that the flotation and the adsorption of the collector on cassiterite are optimum around pH 3.0. In zeta potential meas uremen ts, it was observed that sulphosuccinamate substantially affects the zeta potentials of cassiterite, lowering its Le.p from pH 2.5 to pH 2.0 and indicating a specific adsorption and/or chemical interaction. For the struverite sample studied, the flotation and adsorption were optimum at the pH 3.0. In zeta potential studies, it was found that sulphosuccinamate substantially affects the zeta potentials of struverite, lowering its i.e.p from 2.5 to 2.0 and indicating a specific adsorption and/or' chemical interaction.
Modifikasi Hidrotermal Terhadap Sifat-Sifat Fiziko-Kimia Tepung Beras
(1994-02)
Tan Chiew Ming
Modifikasi hidrotermal terhadap sifat-sifat fiziko-kirnia dan berfungsi tepung beras boleh dilakukan melalui pengolahan haba-lernbapan (H-L) atau penyepuhlindpan. Pengolahan H-L tepung beras pada 800-1300C telah didapati meningkatkan suhu gelatinisasi amilografik (G1), kestabilan pes, dan kecenderungan retrogradasi tetapi menurunkan kelikatan puncak (Vp). Pada amnya amilogram jenis B bagi tepung beras asal telah ditukarkan kepada amilogram jenis C selepas pengolahan H-L. Tepung terolah H-L mempamerkan pengurangan dalam adsorpsi air 'pada mana-mana tekanan wap relatif. Pemerhatian-pemerhatian di atas mungkin disebabkan oleh pertambahan aturan yang mungkin berlaku pada kawasan amorfus dan/atau berhablur dalam granul-granul kanji semasa pengolahan. Suhu pengolahan yang terlalu tinggi mungkin mengakibatkan penurunan dalam berat molekul kanji yang menggalakkan retrogradasi.
Image Classification On Ex-Mining Land Area Using Echo Classifier
(2003-10)
Baharuddin, Salmah
The purpose of this study is to map the landcover ofa large and complex surface of an ex-mining land area using remote sensing technology. Remote sensing imagery has proven useful to generate landcover and it is timely, potentially less expensive than conventional ground methods. Study goals included evaluation of various classification algorithms, deriving a landcover map of the ex-mining land using satellite image and collection of ground truth points in order to perform a more quantitative analysis and accuracy assessment of the methods used.
Kinetic Parameter Studies Of Activated Sludge Process For Anaerobic Pre-Treated Palm Oil Mill Effluent
(2007-05)
Che Ibrahim, Ahmad Kamarulnajuib
A study on the evaluation of kinetic parameters for activated sludge process treating palm oil mill effluents is reported. It is hypothesized that kinetic parameters are applicable for analyzing the performance of activated sludge process for treating high strength palm oil mill effluents (POME). The kinetic parameters were obtained through bench-scale continuous flow experimental studies and batch studies using respirometry technique. The studies utilized samples of POME obtained from a facultative pond from an existing palm oil mill. The bench scale studies were conducted by treating the POME in three modes: first, the sample POME was mixed with activated carbon; second, the sample as a perforated plastic as a medium was submerged in the sample and third, the sample was used as is without being mixed with the activated carbon or any medium. The activated carbon was made from palm kernel and was prepared as well as characterized in the laboratory.
Preparation, Characterization And Application Of Magnesium Salt-Polyacrylamide Hybrid Materials In Dye Wastewater Treatment
(2012)
Lee, Khai Ern
Magnesium salt-polyacrylamide hybrid materials were prepared, characterized and applied for reactive dye wastewater treatment. Polyacrylamide was prepared from acrylamide monomer through redox polymerization. The fundamental aspects of polyacrylamide redox polymerization were studied through investigation of mechanism, kinetics, thermodynamics and in situ rheological properties of the redox polymerization process. The redox polymerization of polyacrylamide was optimized through design of experiment. The physicochemical properties of the polyacrylamide were investigated in terms of chemical structure, molecular weight distribution as well as viscosity in aqueous solution. The yield of the optimal redox polymerization of polyacrylamide was 96.89% with molecular weight of 1.66 x 106 Da. Magnesium salt-polyacrylamide hybrid materials were prepared through physical blending of magnesium chloride and magnesium hydroxide with polyacrylamide in aqueous solution to form magnesium chloride-polyacrylamide (MCPAM) and magnesium hydroxide-polyacrylamide (MHPAM) hybrid materials, respectively.
Penghasilan Komposit Poliuretana-Kenaf Menggunakan Pengacuanan Tidak Balas Suntikan
(2012-07)
Abu Bakar, Azizah
Dalam kajian ini, komposit poliuretana (PU) telah dihasilkan dengan menggunakan difenilmetana diisosianat (MDI) dan gliserol yang diperkuat dengan gentian kenaf. Poliuretana dihasilkan dengan menggunakan mesin pengacuanan suntikan tindak balas (RIM) mengikut formulasi yang tertentu. Manakala tikar gentian kenaf dihasilkan menggunakan mesin penyisirkasaran dan penumbuk-jejarum. Kesan-kesan nisbah isosianat dengan hidroksil NCO/OH dan peratusan berat gentian kenaf terhadap komposit PU diperkuat gentian telah dikaji. Berdasarkan pemerhatian, didapati sifat komposit PU yang dihasilkan dipengaruhi oleh peratusan gentian kenaf dan juga nisbah NCO/OH yang digunakan dengan ketara. Kesan proses penumbukan-jejarum ke atas tikar gentian kenaf yang dihasilkan juga memberikan kesan terhadap komposit PU. Daripada analisis pengimejan SEM, didapati rangkaian telah terbentuk di antara matriks PU dan gentian kenaf. Selain itu, fenomena mengunci di antara matriks PU dan gentian kenaf juga dapat diperhatikan, iaitu penyerapan matriks ke dalam kapilari gentian kenaf.
Antioxidant And Antimicrobial Properties Of Tree Peony (Paeonia Suffruticosa) And Apple Flower (Malus Spp.)
(2014-03)
Han, Ching Voon
In the present thesis, results revealed tree peony (Paeonia suffruticosa) and apple flower (Malus spp.) buds to have high crude protein (15.73 and 26.30%), fibre (13.11 and 16.51%), and carbohydrate (57.84 and 40.63%) contents. Both the flowers had significant amounts of essential amino acids and unsaturated fatty acids. Essential minerals present in tree peony and apple flowers were potassium (1540.37 and 1125.60 mg/lOOg), calcium (462.46 and 449.98 mg/100g), magnesium (241.51 and 164.23 mg/lOOg), sodium (12.75 and 20.06 mg/100g), and phosphorus (420.00 and 590.00 mg/lOOg), respectively. Heavy metals (cadmium, nickel, mercury, lead, and arsenic) were detected in trace amounts « 0.50 mg/lOOg) in both the flower buds. Besides, the total phenolic, total condensed tannin, total flavonoid, and total anthocyanin content of methanol, ethanol, and hot water extracts of tree peony ranged from 107.86 to 163.67 mg GAE/g sample, from 5.26 to 13.98 mg CE/g sample, from 22.18 to 30.06 mg CE/g sample, from 21.11 to 41.67 mg C-3-GEII00 g sample, respectively. While the total phenolic, condensed tannin, and total flavonoid content of apple flower ranged from 26.64 to 57.06 mg GAE/g sample, from 2.71 to 13.24 mg CE/g sample, from 31.63 to 78.12 mg CE/g sample, respectively. Anthocyanin was only detected in the methanol extract in 1.67 mg C-3- GEIIOO g sample. In term of antioxidant activities, the DPPH radical scavenging activity, FRAP and TAC of tree peony ranged from 82.27 to 92.10%, from 2.47 to 3.84 mmol Fe2+/g sample, and from 72.37 to 105.14 mg AAE/g sample, respectively.
Isolation And Physicochemical Properties Evaluation Of Pepsin-Solubilised Collagen And Its Hydrolysate From The Integument Of Sea Cucumber (Stichopus Vastus)
(2014-04)
Abedin, Md. Zainul
Sea cucumber (stichopus vastus) is considered as an underutilised source, since only its stomach and intestines are eaten raw as salad in few asian countries. All other parts including the integument (high content of collagen) are discarded and hence, a valuable by-product having potential food, cosmetic and pharmaceutical applications is wasted. In view of this, the present study was designed to isolate pepsin-solubilised collagen (psc) from the integument of 5. Vastus and to prepare its hydrolysate through trypsin hydrolysis for their potential applications. Sds-page analysis showed that the isolated psc was of type i and consisted of three ai chains with a yield of 21.3%. Fourier transform infrared (ftir) spectroscopy revealed that the structure of triple helix was well preserved in the psc. Amino acid composition showed that glycine was dominant in the psc. Peptide map of the psc digested by v8 protease was different from that of calf skin type i collagen.
Synergy Between Chemical And Mechanical Actions In The Alkaline Peroxide Pulping Of Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunch
(2014-04)
Derma Wan, Yunita Megasari
The synergy between chemical and mechanical actions in an alkaline peroxide pulping (app) system was applied for producing pulp and paper from oil palm empty fruit bunch (efb). In the app, both pulping and brightening process occurring as one process. This process was found appropriately undertaken for 40 minutes at 70°c. Softening and brightening of efb was found most effectively done by synergizing the strength of alkaline peroxide with mechanical fibrillation from two different andritz sprout bauer refiner blade patterns. Variation of the ap strength was done by increasing the alkali-to-peroxide ratio from 2:2.5%, 4:5% to a maximum of 8:10%. Apart from that, ap strength was also increased by applying ap impregnation in multiple stages. Applying these variations on efb and subjecting the ap-treated efb to subsequent refining indicated that refining effect could be intensified by plate d2a505. The effect was so tremendous that variation in chemical strength was to a certain extent masked/ruled out. The effect of increasing ap chemical strength was clearly delineated by refining with plate 12716, which depended more on chemical strength to produce adequate fibrillation.
Life Cycle Assessment: Case Study In Wafer Fabrication
(2014-07)
Murad, Marfaiza
Wafer fabrication is the heart of semiconductor manufacturing process and is regards as the core of electronic industries in Malaysia. As more plants of wafer fabrication are being set up in Malaysia, a great concern for the environmental impact has emerged and needs to be investigated. This research has been conducted in order to evaluate the environmental impact of two wafer types - Complementary Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor (CMOS) and Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistors (lGBT) fabrication, based on life cycle assessment (LCA) approach. In this study, only raw material and energy flows that entering and exiting the manufacturing plants were considered. This is also known as "gate-to-gate" study. The System for Integrated Environmental Assessment Product (SimaPro) 7.1 modelling software with Eco-Indicator 99 method were utilized to evaluate the potential environmental impacts of wafer fabrication processes. Based on the results, damage to resources due to fossil fuel depletion was identified as the worst environmental impact for both wafer manufacturing caused by the huge amount of electricity consumption.
Development And Characterization Of Nanofibers From Kenaf Bast To Reinforce Polymer Composites
(2014-08)
Davoudpour, Yalda
The aim of this research was to explore the combination of hydrochloric acid (hc1) nonhydrolysis and high pressure homogenization as a new process to isolate cellulose nanofiber (cnf). In order to prepare cnf firstly soda-anthraquinon pulping and alkaline hydrogen peroxide bleaching was performed to remove lignin and hemicellulose as well as to separate single fibers. Subsequently, the acid hydrolysis was applied as a pretreatment at different time to reduce the size of fibers and to prevent from clogging of the homogenization. The best hydrolysis condition was selected to prepare the cnf. Then cnf was isolated using high pressure homogenization at various cycle and suspension concentrations. The structural analysis of the fibers before and after each treatment was conducted by x-ray diffraction (xrd) and fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ft-ir). Also, the morphological properties of the fibers was studied by scanning electron microscopy (sem), atomic force microscopy (afm) and transmission electron microscopy (tem) and the thermal characteristics was analyzed by thennogravimetric analysis (tga) and differential scanning calorimetry (dsc).
Characterization Of Oil Palm Shell Nano Filler In Hybrid Kenaf/Coconut Fibres Reinforced Polyester Composites
(2014-09)
September 2014
In this research, hybrid kenaflcoconut fibres reinforced polyester composites were developed and enhanced with nano filler Oil Palm Shell (OPS). The raw OPS was subjected to grinding followed by high-energy ball milling for 30 hours to become OPS nano particles. Characterization of OPS nano filler such as surface morphologies, elemental composition and functional groups were evaluated by using Scanning Electron Microscopy equipped with Energy Dispersive X-ray Analysis (SEM with EDX), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR) respectively. The SEM-EDX images revealed that OPS nano filler produced consisted of crushed and irregular shape structures with presence of carbon and oxygen as a major elements composition. Besides, Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM), X-ray Diffraction (XRD) and Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA) were used to characterize particle size, crystallinity index and thermal properties of OPS nano filler respectively. The TEM micrograph revealed that OPS particles size ranged between 10 to 30 nm indicates their nanometric nature.
Isolation And Characterization Of Cadmium Resistant Bacteria From Industrial Wastewater
(2014-09)
Abbas, Syed Zaghum
In the last few decades, cadmium removal by biological ways has received great attention. Nevertheless, for the growing of microorganisms that harbor many mechanisms for cadmium sequestration and may have great cadmium removal capacities, only small number of these studies employed in Malaysia. Six bacterial strains were isolated from industrial wastewater of Penang, Malaysia. The strains RZ 1, RZ2, RZ3, RZ4, RZ5 and RZ6 were identified as Pantoea sp. RL32.2, Salmonella enterica, Enterobacter sp. OCPSB 1, Enterobacter mori, Enterobacter sp. WS 12 and Pseudomonas sp. M3 respectively, based on morphological, biochemical, physiological observation and 16S rDNA sequence analysis. All the six strains showed optimum growth and cadmium removal at 7.0 pH and 35°C temperature. The strains RZl, RZ2, RZ3, RZ4, RZ5 and RZ6 removed 89.89%, 82.10%, 89.14%, 87.75%, 85.11% and 81.89% of cadmium, respectively. The cadmium removal capacities by all the strains were affected by temperature and pH. The minimum inhibitory concentrations of the strains RZl, RZ2, RZ3, RZ4, RZ5 and RZ6 were 750 ug/ml., 410 ug/ml., 550 ug/ml.; 450 ug/ml., 500 ug/rnl. and 550 ug/ml, respectively.
Adhesion Properties Of Benzoly Peroxide Crosslinked Epoxidized Natural Rubber (ENR 25) - Based Pressure Sensitive Adhesives
(2014-10)
Suid, Nurul Hamiza
The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of crosslinking density, rate of testing and thickness coating on the adhesion properties of epoxidized natural rubber (ENR 25)-based adhesives using coumarone-indene, gum rosin and petroresin as the tacki fiers. Toluene and polyethylene terephthalate (PET) were used as solvent and coating substrate respectively. A SHEEN hand coater was used to coat the adhesive on the substrate. All adhesion properties were determined by a LJyod Adhesion Tester operating at different rates of testing. Results showed that the adhesion properties of ENR 25-based adhesive increased with crosslink density and reduced again after the optimum crosslink. The loop tack and peel strength of cournarone-indene, gum rosin and petroresin passed through a maximum value at I parts per hundred parts of rubber (phr), 2 phr and 3 phr benzoyl peroxide concentration respectively, an observation which was attributed to the optimum crosslinking of ENR 25 where optimum cohesive and adhesive strength was obtained.
Minimization Of Heavy Metals Migration From Landfill Leachate By Using Admixture Of Laterite Soil And Pressmud
(2014-12)
Mohamad, Maheera
This study emphasizes on field investigation and laboratory experiments involving characterization of enhancing laterite soil as daily soil cover and their suitability as proposed daily soil cover at the specifics landfill site. In this study, the laterite soil samples were mixed with waste from sugar refinery process, pressmud at difference percentage of weight ratio (10%, 30% and 50%). The physicochemical properties of the laterite soil, pressmud and laterite soil-pressmud mixtures characterization as well as leaching test were carried out. The physicochemical and engineering properties involved compaction bebavior, permeability, cation exchange capacity (CEC), compressive stress test and its surface functional groups. The leaching test method included batcb equilibrium test and soil column test. The optimum value of water content in the soilpressmud mixtures was determined in the compaction test. It was found out that the higher pressmud content in the soil, the higber optimum water content value observed.
The Preparation And Characterization Of Papa Ya Slices And Flour And The Potential Of Flour In Cookie Preparation
(2014-12)
Varastegani, Boshra
Papaya (Carica papaya L.) is one of the important tropical fruits produced in tropical countries around the world. Papaya is rich in nutritional values and has the potential in the production of cookies. The objective of the study was to determine the effects of drying methods on papaya's physico-chemical properties and sensory evaluation. The other objective of the study was to determine the effects of papaya pulp flour's (PPuF) cookies physico-chemical properties and sensory evaluation when partially substituted with wheat flour at 15, 30 and 50 %, respectively. In addition, chemical compositions, antioxidant and functional properties of PPuF were evaluated and compared with commercial wheat flour (WF). The results showed that different drying methods have significant (P<0.05) effects on papaya's physico-chemical properties with 100°C having higher chemical composition, while at 160°C, the papaya slices were higher in antioxidant and total phenolic compounds. Superheated steam drying has the highest values compared to other drying methods.
Characterization And Utilization Of Extracted Starch And Particles From Oil Palm Trunk For Particleboard Manufacturing
(2014-12)
Mohd Salleh, Kushairi
This study investigated the potential of the oil palm particles and oil palm starch produced and extracted from the oil palm trunk. Commercial rubberwood particles and wheat starch were used as a comparison. The starches were modified with polyvinyl alcohol to change its properties for better performance. Basic properties of raw materials were determined for their final properties of the boards. The raw materials were also characterized using scanning electron microscopy, xray diffractometry analysis, thermogravimetric analysis, and differential scanning calorimetry analysis. Comparisons were made between boards and panels bonded with urea formaldehyde were used as a control board. The physical and mechanical testing carried out based on japanese industrial standard a5908, which include density, moisture content, dimensional stability testing, and mechanical strength. All mechanical properties met the requirements, but none of the physical properties met the requirements except for moisture content. The panels made using the oil palm particles and bonded with the oil palm starch showed better mechanical properties, but poor dimensional stability compared to those panels made with the rubberwood particles, and panels bonded with the wheat starch.
Effect Of Superheated Steam (Shs) Pre-Treatment On Quality Of Fish Oil From Catfish (C/Arias Batrachus)
(2015-01)
Veeriah, Harivaindaran
Superheated steam (SHS), a dry steam with temperature higher than boiling point that operates without the presence of oxygen is used to pre-treat catfish, Clarius batrachus, before being subsequently pressed via hydraulic press to obtain fish oil. Fish were first cleaned and reduced in size before being treated with SHS at 150°C, 200°C, 250°C, for 10, 15, 20 min for each temperature. Fish are then transferred into a mould, pressed using a hydraulic press and the resulting aliquot is centrifuged and oil is collected. Quality of the resulting fish oil is studied in terms of yield, colour, oxidation, thermal analysis and fatty acid composition. Yield of the catfish oil showed higher values when heated with higher temperatures of SHS, the highest being the 250°C, 20 minutes pre-treatment (8.91 gram/gram fish, significantly different at p> 0.05) which was incidentally lower than solvent extraction and this fact has been proven in past literature. Colour analysis showed tendency towards a darker yellow colour as treatment time and temperature increased. In terms free fatty acids (FFA) values, solvent extracted raw catfish oil had the highest and most significant value (2.56% oleic acid) and this reflected in high acid value beyond that of acceptable edible oil standard. However, peroxide values were mostly insignificantly different. The extent of oxidative damage was obvious in the p-anisidine values whereby at 250°C, 20 minutes pre-treatment, there was a sharp rise to 12.05 which, although significantly different, was still within edible oil standard.

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