Pusat Pengajian Kejuruteraaan Elektrik dan Elektronik - Tesis

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3d facial verification using stereo vision
(2010-04-01)
Tai, Shu Worn
Face recognition has been a focus in research for the last couple of decades because of its wide potential applications and its importance to meet the security needs of today’s world. This project proposes a face recognition system that uses passive stereo vision to capture three-dimensional (3D) facial information and 3D matching using a simple Sum of Squared Difference (SSD) algorithm. So far, the reported 3D face recognition techniques assume the use of active 3D measurement for 3D facial capture. However, active methods employ structured illumination (structure projection, phase shift, gray-code demodulation, etc.) or laser scanning, which is not desirable in many human recognition applications. An advantage of passive method is that it costs lower than active method. This system uses a stereo camera to locate, track, and recognize a person’s face. This algorithm improves state-of-the-art monocular 2D object recognition techniques by additionally considering the facial 3D surface, which is relatively stable under different lighting conditions. First, faces are detected and their surfaces are reconstructed from the stereo images. Afterwards, a 3D face is composed by joining 2D image data and appropriate depth data. The 3D face is then decomposed into its principal components. The principal components are used to recognize a 3D face by comparing characteristics of the current face to those of known individuals in a database. The result is an efficient and accurate face recognition algorithm.
3d networked virtual representation
(2009-04-01)
Tan, Hong Ping
Three dimensional (3D) virtualization has been a popular method to observe and present data and simulation results. Although many robotic applications have applied 3D virtualization technology for simulation, there is not much applications which incorporate 3D technology into computer networking to develop a networked virtual environment (net-VE) with teleoperation ability. This project aimed to realise such system, where multiple users able to control and view the virtual mobile robots, in addition, able to teleoperate a real mobile robot through the virtual environment. This project presented the system, 3DVR©, which has all the features of a net-VE system with teleoperation function. 3DVR© is being developed using Python scripting language, and Panda3D® engine for 3D virtualization. The implementation of 3DVR© shows 3D virtualization of 3D models and environment in a graphical user interface (GUI) with functions in aiding the users to view and navigate around the virtual environment. There are four operation modes in 3DVR©; which are local virtual robot simulation, local real robot teleoperation, mobile robot teleoperation through local area network (LAN), and mobile robot teleoperation through internet. The four operation modes are successfully demonstrated with virtual mobile robot models and the results obtained are promising.
8 Bit Cmos Hybrid Digital-To-Analog Converter For Bluetooth Low Energy Application
(2019-03)
Rosli, Alia
In the bluetooth low energy implementation, the digital-to-analog converters act as the bridge gap between digital signal processing chips, and power amplifiers that transmit analog signals. This thesis presents the design of a hybrid Digital-lo-Analog Converter( DAC) intended for RF transmitter in 2.45 GHz Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) application by using CMOS 180 nm technology. The hybrid DAC design strategy is based on iterative scheme whose variables are adjusted in a simple way, minimizing the power consumption as well as area and also meeting the design specifications.
A benchmark low voltage of microgrid network
(2010-04-01)
Zulkifli, Nurul Asiah
A study about microgrid network has been conducted to explore new and environmental friendly renewable energy. A few relevant papers concerning the microgrid network as higher energy efficiency and by facilitating the integration of renewable sources that is potential in the future market have been collected and studied. New renewable and efficient energy resources offers an alternative solution which integrating a network that is microgrid network. Microgrid can be connected to the main power network or be operated autonomously, similar to power systems of physical islands. Microgrid network is usually connected to an electrical distribution network in an autonomous way and employs various distributed generation technologies such as micro-turbines, fuel-cell, photovoltaic arrays, wind turbines and others system together with energy storage devices such as battery, condenser and flywheel. In addition, the benchmark low voltage provides the guidelines in the design of low voltage microgrid network. Moreover, standardizing case study grids to provide benchmark networks suitable for microgrid design would further enhances their merit and utility. Microgrid may potentially offer various advantages to end-customers, utilities and society, such as; improved energy efficiency, minimized overall energy consumption, improved services quality and reliability and also cost efficiency electricity infrastructure replacement.
A human detection framework based on hog and cnnf features using visual and far infrared images
(2020-07-01)
Chee, Kok Wei
Human detection has become an essential feature in many current technological devices. For example, the ability to detect human is useful in a surveillance or safety alarm systems. However, human detection from images is a very challenging task. The main challenges include low accuracy, complex scene with cluttered background or illumination issue such as low lighting condition or overexposure problem. In this research, a framework to detect human by using both visual and far-infrared image is proposed. The proposed method used a single channel image as input and Power Law transformation is applied on the input image to reduce the illumination problem. Image gradient magnitude is used in selecting the Region of Interest (ROI) with the purpose of narrowing down the investigation area within the complex scene. The proposed method used the fusion of Histogram of Oriented Gradient (HOG) and Convolutional Neural Network Filters Features (CNNF) as classification feature. The features are concatenated in both visual and far-infrared image to further improve the detection accuracy under various lighting condition such as daylight or nighttime. Performance evaluation using the visual images from Caltech benchmark dataset showed that the proposed method achieved 60.11% miss rate at 0.1 False Positive per Image (FPPI). Besides, this research has also evaluated the fusion of visual and far-infrared images using a manually collected dataset. The test results showed that the proposed method can achieve 56.95% miss rate at 0.1 FPPI using both visual and far-infrared images and 73.75% miss rate at 0.1 FPPI when using visual image only. This proved that the fusion of both visual and far-infrared images can achieve better performance compared to use visual image alone for human detection.
A Simplified Consensus Protocol Simulator With Applications On Proof Of Contribution-X
(2023-03)
Al Ogaili, Riyadh Rahef Nuiaa
Blockchain consensus protocols are the major architectural components of blockchain networks. Numerous enhancements of popular blockchain consensus protocols, such as Proof of Work (PoW) and Proof of Stake (PoS), have led to the emergence of alternative consensus protocols, some of which cater to specific areas such as medicine or transportation. A considerable amount of research has been done on these alternative protocols, one class of which is known as Consensus Protocols Based on Past Behaviour (CPPB). However, these protocols remain relatively unknown and lack performance analysis, which hinders their possible deployment in real-world blockchain networks because the strengths and weaknesses of these consensus protocols cannot be determined. This problem stems from the lack of simulation tools for other consensus protocols that are not mainstream. This gap is bridged by proposing a simple simulation framework called SIM-P, which can accurately simulate the behaviour of these consensus protocols with ease. SIM-P is an agent-based stochastic simulator that relies on the sequential Monte Carlo method to model how block publishers are selected. Simulation models are developed for PoW as a base model for benchmarking purposes, as well as for two selected CPPBs:
A study and loss modeling of rf to dc converter
(2010-04-01)
Mohd Naim, Nor ‘Adilah
Sensors without battery are one of the essential requirements in passive sensor. A rectifier circuit is used to convert the coupled AC electro-magnetic waveforms to a DC voltage and serve as a power supply for the rest parts of the sensor circuits. The RF transmitter transmits sufficient energy to power up the sensor at large distances. However, the rectifier output is limited on the amount of power that can be transmitted by transmitter and the path loss associated with electromagnetic propagation. Apparently, there is a little power that reaches the sensor. Therefore, the power harvesting circuit design must maximize the operating distance in order to activate the sensor by converting the limited incoming RF power to DC power with a sufficient voltage. The initial design of the rectifier was based on a full-wave regulator voltage doubler and later modified to the cascade doubler circuit. Some simulations are done by using Multisim simulation tools during the design of the rectifier. The high frequency rectifier has been designed using Eagle layout tools and the layout has been fabricated. There are another designs needed in this project which is feeding board of antenna. Computer Simulation Technology (CST) software was used to draw the schematic of feeding board in order to get the layout drawing for the design. Some calculations are performed during MAX757 design to determine the value of resistor that should be used. When the circuit board has been fabricated measurement part started. Measurement part includes of transmitter and receiver antenna, rectifier and voltage regulator. From measurement, both antennas working perfectly in the range of UHF and the voltage regulator is working in stand alone with the output is 3.489 V. The minimum operating for Ceramic antenna is 725 MHz while LPRS antenna is 624 MHz. For the rectifier part, it was working but the desired output cannot be obtained due to some loss efficiency such as impedance mismatch, path loss, threshold voltage and sensitivity of Schottky diode and losses in the circuit. It is obtained when comparing the input power (25 dBm = 316 mW) with the output power of rectifier (1.2V x 0.012μA = 0.144 μW). When the rectifier connected with voltage regulator, the output is lower than 1.8 V due to the loading effect problem. After taking note the causes of loading effect, a test is done to verify the problem. The test result shows the loading effect occur with the combination of rectifier and voltage regulator.
A Study On Detecting The Presence Of Sulfate Reducing Bacteria Using Artificial Neural Network Based On Electronic Sensor Data
(2012-09)
Chandaran, Umadevi
Sulfate Reducing Bacteria (SRB) are nonpathogenic and anaerobic bacteria (cannot grow with the presence of oxygen). SRB can produce enzyme to accelerate the reduction of sulfate compounds to hydrogen sulfide (H2S) that corrodes metal. There are a few methods of detecting SRB such as laboratory analysis and field test kit but the procedures are costly and take longer time, whereby the detection period can reach more than 12 hours. This research is a study on the possibility of using electronic sensor to detect SRB. A few experiments are carried out using medium with nutrient agar inside 28 ml universal bottle to determine the presence of SRB. The sensors that are used in this research are H2S gas sensor, temperature sensor and humidity sensor. Data in the form of voltage, temperature and humidity from these sensors are collected and stored in a personal computer (PC). These data are analyzed using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) to determine the coefficient of determination for SRBs' growth. Results show that voltage from H2S sensor and temperature from temperature sensor contribute to the presence of SRB.
Adopting j2me for the development of mobile phone application
(2010-04-01)
Paul, Yung Han Fui
Mobile phone has been a widespread application throughout all stage and standard of life. Java is ideally suited to become the standard application development language for mobile phone because it provides us with lots of benefits. Hereto some of the most important ones are Cross Platform Compatibility, Object Oriented Programming, Huge Java Developer Community, Security, and the its Dynamic nature. In this project, Java 2 Micro Edition (J2ME) has been used primarily to develop a context-aware application that feeds the user information about the current weather with SQL server running in the background to generate XML. This application will give the user a real-time update on the current weather in certain location which can be accessed from the mobile phone. It is a very useful and significant application especially for those taking weather factors as a major concern in realizing their activity or reaching particular destination.
An Efficient Surface Mapping Technique Using Laser Triangulation For Image Recontruction
(2003-05)
Tjio Hok Hoo
An image acquisition system, which is used to capture 2-D images of object/scene for 3-D image reconstruction, is developed based on triangulation technique. The system consists of three devices, i.e. B/W CCO camera, laser diode and rotary table. These devices are placed in such a way that a triangle is formed. A grating line, which has a width of one pixel, is mounted in front of the laser diode. The purpose of the grating line is to project a stripe line on the surface of the object/scene. In this research, the positions of the camera and the laser diode are fixed. In order to acquire sufficient information for 3-D image reconstruction, the object/scene is rotated 360° about the azimuth of the rotary table. At every 15°, the rotary table is paused and a reflected image of the object is captured by the camera. Therefore, 24 different images are recorded in one complete rotation.
An Experimental Study Of Oscillating Subboundary Layer Vortex Generators Application On A Wing'S Flap
(2014-12)
Hussin, Fauzi
Flow control to suppress the boundary layer separation over the wmg can dramatically improve the performance of most aircraft in the take-off and lancling flight regime. Previous aerodynamic experiments and computations have indicated that unsteady excitation produced by the oscillating sub boundary layer vortex generators (SBVGs) can delay boundary layer separation and wing stall more effectively than steady flow perturbations generated by passive SBVGs. Preliminary aerodynamic experiments have been performed to evaluate the effects of both passive and oscillating SBVGs on the wing of Eagle 150B with a single slotted flap at deflection angle of 38°. Four sets of co rotating, delta shaped vane type SBVGs have been installed near to the leading edge of the flap. In addition, oscillating SBVGs were designed to oscillate in three different frequencies (0.5Hz, 1.2Hz and I. 7Hz). Baseline (No VGs), passive and oscillating SBVGs were tested at three different Reynolds numbers (Re=6.21 x lOS, Re=7.3xIOs and Re=8.4xIOs) and the aerodynamic characteristics were obtained using six-component balance instrument. For the baseline case (No VGs), its lift and drag characteristic at Reynolds number of 8.4x lOS and angle of attack of 26° varies with the theoretical data by 50% and 26.38%, respectively.
Analysis of harmonic current produced by ac-dc converters with various firing angles
(2009-04-01)
Nik Hassan, Nik Mohd Farid
The main propose of this project is to analyze harmonic input current produced by AC to DC converter by varying firing angle.Generally,the analysis of input current can be defined as changes to Total Harmonic Distorted. This overall project analyzes 2 variables to relate firing angle with thyristor by differences of the total harmonic distorted.The AC to DC converter that is used is single phase AC to DC converter and three phases AC to DC converter.The AC to DC one phase converter used 4 thyristor while 3 phase AC to DC converter used 6 thyristor as as switch.The resistance being assumed in this analysis is pure resistance.The values of capacitor and inductor resistance are not considered. The purpose of doing so is to neglect the value of Power Factor for the AC to DC circuit.In this Project,3 steps is taken to analyze the relationship of firing angle in thyristor to the total harmonic distorted.The first step is to use theories of input waveform current harmonic changes and this value is interpreted by Fourier Series.Based on the results obtained from the three methods,for single phase control rectifier,it can is observed that the firing angle is directly proportional to THD,and the range varying angle obeys the standard introduced by IEEE for THD,which is less than 20% for angles of 0° to 40°.For three phase control rectifier,it is observed that the firing angle increases with respect to THD,and no range firing angles obeys the standard of IEEE.This is because based on the experiment,3 phase controlled rectifier,when the varying angle of thyristor is 0°,the THD value is 26.7%,and exceeded the standard fixed by IEEE.
Analysis Of Plastic Encapsulation Process In 3D IC Package With Through-Silicon Via (Tsv) Technology
(2013-02)
Ong, Ern Seang
Through-silicon via (TSV) technology has been an emerging technology to 3D heterogeneous system integration through vertical interconnection. This promising technology enables smaller footprints, reduced signal delay, shorter interconnections, lower power consumption and higher integration density as compared to the existing 2D planar system integration and 3D IC with wire bonds. Despite all the benefits, there are still many challenges ahead for this technology to be both technically and economically viable. Plastic encapsulation process is one of the critical challenges in the continual shrinking of TSV diameter, wafer thickness and microbump pitch. In this thesis, both experimental and numerical approaches are used to study the plastic encapsulation process in 3D IC package with TSV. The objectives of this research include establishing feasible methods to analyze flow front advancement, pressure distribution, velocity profile and curing rate of epoxy molding compound during encapsulation process.
Analysis of power flow by using pscad and matlab
(2010-04-01)
Sng, Wei Nian
In power engineering, power flow studies, also known as load flow studies, are the backbone of power system analysis and design. The great importance of the power flow studies are the planning, operation, economic scheduling and exchange of power between utilities. The power system of today is a complex interconnected network consists of generation, transmission and sub-transmission, distribution and loads. The load flow problem usually comes with many nonlinear algebraic equations. The power flow computations can also be complicated and challenging due to large number of buses and high complexity of the system. Therefore, computer-aided softwares are applied to give solution to the load flow problems. In this project, the power flow problems are solved by using PSCAD/EMTDC simulation and MATLAB software. The objective of this project is to develop the power flow models using PSCAD schematic layout and solve the load flow problems using both PSCAD simulation and MATLAB software. The results from the PSCAD are compared with the MATLAB results and the percent difference of the results are determined and analysed. The methodology developed in this project involves understanding the theories of power flow analysis, power flow solution using PSCAD simulation and MATLAB software as well as comparison of results obtained. After comparing the outcomes from the three cases, the percent difference of the results between PSCAD and MATLAB is in the range of 0% to 0.13%. Both PSCAD simulation and MATLAB software are capable of handling power flow computations of different power systems with good estimate of results.
Analysis of power system harmonic effect on power distribution transformer
(2010-04-01)
Hayon, Nor Halim
The increases use of non – linear load has increased the level of harmonics in electrical power system. The increases of harmonics cause the reducing of the transformers life expectancy. The used of rating system called K – Factor is to ensure that the transformer can operate safely when supplying non-sinusoidal load current. The effect of harmonic on distribution transformer is reported in this thesis. The experiment was conducted at three phase transformer with capacity of 500 VA. The effect of harmonics on distribution transformer has been investigated by connecting non – linear load to the output of transformer. The load used in the experiment are resistance and rectifier. In addition, the effect of harmonic to the transformer such as losses, power rating, power factor and temperature rise. The analyzing the derating method also introduced to reduce the harmonic effect on transformer. The derating method is suggested accordance to BS7821 standard. The results show that the temperature increased linearly when total harmonic distortion increases. The power loss also increased linearly when total harmonic distortion increased. The power factor of transformer decreased linearly when total harmonic distortion increased. For %THDi 24.3%, 38.8%, 64.3%, 70.8% and 80.7%, the percentage of derating transformer is 92.59%, 89.91%, 86.82% , 85.51% and 85.40%.
Analysis of rf-to-voltage power detector for outdoor application
(2009-04-01)
Ng, Gua Bin
This is a dissertation regarding the analysis of RF power detector for outdoor application. RF power detector is an apparatus provided for detection of the output power from an RF power amplifier for purposes of controlling the output power. It is important in wireless communication system since each system has a specific power regulation and strength. This leads to the need for selectivity and good control of the output signal’s level. This became a fundamental issue in the design of any communication system. Therefore, AGC circuits become an important system especially for any device or system where wide amplitude variations in the output signal could lead to a lost of information or to an unacceptable performance of the system. Since there are various types of power detector available in the market, logarithmic amplifier was utilized to be implemented in AGC circuit after considering some factors. Before implementing on practical environment, analysis on log amp and AGC circuit is done by using ADS software. After that, the AGC practical circuit is presented and analyzed on breadboard according to the simulation circuit. From the analysis, the performance of AGC practical circuit is better in between 500 kHz and 1 MHz frequency range with a 40dB dynamic range.
Artificial neural network for gas-oil flow pattern recognition using capacitance tomography data
(2009-04-01)
Tan, Kim Leng
The technique to recognize the oil and gas flow pattern in a pipe is needed in the oil and gas industry to monitoring the condition of the oil and gas pipe system. Any mistake or malfunction may lead to serious loss and endanger the workers and environments. Generally there are lots of flow pattern such as Empty, Full, Stratified, Bubble, Core and Annular. The Electrical Capacitance Tomography (ECT) technique is used to take the cross sectional data of the pipe. The Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) is used to recognize the flow patterns. This project uses the Multilayer Perceptron (MLP) as the ANNs model. The MLP is trained, validated, and tested with the ECT data. The ECT data is divided into three groups, training, validation, and testing. The Matlab software is used to build the MLP architecture. The learning algorithms used for this project is the Levenberg-Marquardt algorithms and the Quasi-Newton algorithms. Result show that trained MLP is able to give a percentage of accuracy of 99.102% in oil and gas flow pattern recognition. This shows that the MLP is suitable to be used in the oil and gas flow pattern recognition.
Attenuation in vegetation
(2010-04-01)
Hashim, Yus’aiman
This is the final report of the project to investigate 2.4GHZ frequency transmitted between two points with object and without obstacle (line of sight). The report provides summering previous model of signal propagation through vegetation. To study losses of signal strength (energy or power) when transmit between two points with different situation or vegetation density. Comparison result between measurement with analytical mathematical will be discuss in this paper. To discuss vegetation losses when signal traveling in different density and different parameters with the same temperature. The core of the challenge in this project to understand the cause of error between models given compare with measurement. Conclusion, solve the problems and find another method or alternative way to reduce losses at the same time improve performance
Automation of voltage using analog voltage margining card
(2009-04-01)
Loh, Han Yang
In this project, voltage automation scripts for Analog Voltage Margining Card (AVMC) are being developed. The AVMC card is a card used to support analog validation of a target test system. It supports margining of target voltage supplies through voltage and simulated current controls. AVMC is used to replace ADM1066 chip for the voltage margining due to its accuracy and flexibility. Voltage automation scripts are written using bash language because it is suited for automation tasks. For the scripts to work, an operating system called System Validation Operating System (SVOS) such that user can margin the voltage by entering a single command. The voltage margining scripts generated is being tested on two types of Intel board which are Pinetrail and Tigerhill. Seven Pinetrail and five Tigerhill boards are used for testing the voltage margining scripts. When running a script on a board, the output voltage on the board is being measured using a digital multimeter. The measurement is then compared to the actual or desired value of the user. Voltage margining had been carried out to each available board and it shows that the scripts work. Hence, the voltage margining scripts for AVMC had been successfully developed and is currently used for running test purposes in Intel.
Autonomous navigation using stereo vision
(2010-04-01)
Lok, Sook Wan
Obstacle detection is the main issue for safe navigation and it can be achieved by applying stereo vision. In stereo vision, two cameras placed horizontally from one another on the mobile robot platform. These cameras are used to obtain differing views on a scene, in a manner similar to human binocular vision. The first step is camera calibration by using Matlab Camera Calibration Toolbox. The camera calibration process estimates camera’s intrinsic parameters and calculates extrinsic parameters of the camera. The result of the calibration process is used for image rectification to transform the corresponding epipolar lines in all images so that they become collinear with each other. Rectification is able to eliminate errors caused by lens distortion and camera displacement. This greatly simplified the implementation of the stereo matching algorithms. Stereo matching algorithm is used to find the corresponding points in stereo image and produce disparity map, which is inversely proportional to object distance. In this project, using a predefined window size, two different stereo matching algorithms, Sum of Absolute Differences (SAD) and Sum of Squared Differences (SSD) are implemented and their performance is compared. A pair of points is considered to match if the SAD or SSD value is small enough and minimum among all values computed within the possible disparity range. The disparity map generated is analyzed and processed to find the distance between the objects. The performance of SAD and SSD are quite similar. However, the processing time of SSD is longer than that of SAD because it requires an extra step in the squared calculation. As a conclusion, by using stereo matching algorithms to extract 3D depth information, the mobile robot is able to distinguish obstacles from the free space ahead. It is able to move forward by avoiding obstacles.

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