Pusat Pengajian Kejuruteraaan Elektrik dan Elektronik - Tesis

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An Efficient Surface Mapping Technique Using Laser Triangulation For Image Recontruction
(2003-05)
Tjio Hok Hoo
An image acquisition system, which is used to capture 2-D images of object/scene for 3-D image reconstruction, is developed based on triangulation technique. The system consists of three devices, i.e. B/W CCO camera, laser diode and rotary table. These devices are placed in such a way that a triangle is formed. A grating line, which has a width of one pixel, is mounted in front of the laser diode. The purpose of the grating line is to project a stripe line on the surface of the object/scene. In this research, the positions of the camera and the laser diode are fixed. In order to acquire sufficient information for 3-D image reconstruction, the object/scene is rotated 360° about the azimuth of the rotary table. At every 15°, the rotary table is paused and a reflected image of the object is captured by the camera. Therefore, 24 different images are recorded in one complete rotation.
Electromagnetic Tomography For 2-D Mapping Of Moisture Content In Rice
(2003-10)
Lim, Meng Chun
This thesis deals with the development and application of electromagnetic tomography in food engineering applications, especially in moisture content profiling of cereals such as rice grain.
Design and development of an intelligent battery charger station
(2009-03-01)
Teoh, Wee Wee
This thesis presents the design and development of an intelligent battery charger for simultaneous charging of four NiMH batteries. It is designed to satisfy the demands of high current and fast charge applications such as electrical vehicles which use batteries as the electrical source energy. The purpose of this design is to provide an efficient charging algorithm using a microcontroller PIC16F877 in order to protect against overcharging and reduce the recharging time. This design includes the discharging function. In this design, the control and supervision of the whole charging process is entrusted to a microcontroller, which able to find out the initial battery state , decide the fit way to charge the battery (in order to ensure a long cycle-life) and determine when the charge process must be finished. The proposed design provides multiple charging current options with automated selection of optimum charging rate for the battery being charged. The charging algorithm is programmed in the PIC16F877 by using PIC Basic Pro. There are four basic charging algorithm used in this charger: slow (10%C), soft (20%C), fast (55%C) and trickle (4%C). The experimental results obtained show that the charger is functioning properly with the state defined in the microcontroller. The current regulation is successfully done by using PWM control. The accurate termination of fast charging cycle and safe charging of batteries demonstrate the reliable functioning of the proposed design. The charging and discharging curve obtained is almost the same as stated in the theoretical characteristic. The charging time to charge the battery from empty to full is almost two hours. The battery voltage at the end of charging cycle obtained is around 1.38V/battery. The fast charge cycle bring the battery to approximately 90% of the full charge condition. The implementation of design’s objective is fulfilled and is supported by experimental results.
Development of behaviour-based mobile robot for goal seeking and obstacle navigation
(2009-03-01)
Oo, Cheng Hoe
In the field of robotic, there are some concerns that always grab the world attention which are the motion planning and control problem. Both of them will finally decide the collision-free trajectories for a robot in static or dynamic environments which may have many unknown obstacle around while seeking the goal. Thus this report describes the development of a behavior-based mobile robot for the obstacle navigation and goal seeking. The subsumption architecture will be utilized with the obstacle avoidance having higher priority over goal seeking. In fact, there are many possible obstacles that may keep the robot wandering around aimlessly seeking the goal. One of its main problems is local minimum problem which keep robot trapping in a corner. Owing to simplicity, wall following will be the better solution for that case. Beside that, a deadlock is also consideration in this paper. In the nutshell, the report will discuss all possible obstacles that may exist in the real world. However the goal seeking feature still has flaw when it is combined with the obstacle avoidance. Besides that, the designed robot will act as leader guiding the other robots which are the followers to avoid the obstacle around while searching the goal. This is called the leader-following.
Design and implementation of autonomous autopiloted aerial vehicle platform
(2009-04-01)
Mohamad, Ahmad Ashraf
The control of a helicopter is complex, and includes the interaction of forces and the balancing of them. Although a stable condition can be achieved with sophisticated control system, good mechanical design can reduce the problem of instability of a helicopter. One of the designs is the coaxial types of blade system. Nevertheless, a good control system is still needed since a helicopter control involves many parameters. The PIC16F876A microcontroller has been used to measured the input from sensor, do the calculation and control the actuators (two DC motors and two servos). In this project, ultrasonic sensor is used to control the height of the platform. The implementation of a control system such as PID will increase the efficiency of the system. Implementation shows that the coaxial helicopter is able to fly in control condition but more adjustment needs to be made to make it more stable.
Implementation of behaviour based mobile robot
(2009-04-01)
Tan, Tiong Cheng
Control architecture is an important investigative content in mobile robot. After studying the subsumption architecture and some other modified architecture, a hybrid architecture is introduced in the project, which is based on the subsumption architecture and integrates the behaviour based planning. Behaviour based mobile robot is claimed to enable task execution in unstructured and dynamic real-world environments. The process of behaviour based planning use the concept of fixed priority to coordinate the behaviours. It can hold the intention of sub-behaviours perfectly. Each of the behaviours switches smoothly between them. The simulation uses 5 layers control architecture including wander, avoiding obstacle, goal seeking and so on. The mobile robot solely depends on the information from the ultrasonic sensor for obstacle avoidance and LDR for goal seeking. The proposed algorithm is tested on a simple mechanical platform of mobile robot. The controller of the mobile robot is run on a “C” environment, which is Boost C. Besides the main objective of studying the behaviour based algorithm, multi agent robot system is another part of my project. A leader follower system is designed and realized. From the results, it shows this architecture is simple and effective for obstacle avoidance. It is robust and enables rapid response to the environment changes. The follower is able to keep track of the leader with the information received from the leader. As a conclusion, the proposed algorithm is effective in obstacle avoidance.
Detection and recognition of car number plate from video sequence
(2009-04-01)
Choo, Kar Soon
The goal of this project is to develop a system to localize or detect car number plate location and recognize the detected characters automatically. Car number plate recognition (CNPR) system is a challenging task due to the variety of car number plate format in Malaysia. A proper design has to be carried out in order to achieve high performance rate for this system. For this project, connected component analysis is used to detect or localize the car plate region. For character recognition part, K-Nearest Neighbors (KNN) classifier is designed to handle this task. The performance rate of the overall system is about 74% with all the car plate location is exactly detected, good segmentation of character and correct character recognition. Besides, this system is feasible to run in real time due to the simplicity of detection algorithm. A lot of works need to be done in the future in order to improve the performance rate of the system.
Modelling ip router architecture using system dynamics
(2009-04-01)
Abdul Ghani, Nordina
In a rising environment of high performance IP networks, it is expected that local and campus area backbones, enterprise networks, and Internet Service Providers (ISPs) will use multigigabit and terabit networking technologies where IP routers will be used not only to interconnect backbone segments but also to act as points of attachments to high performance wide area links. Special attention must be given to new powerful architectures for routers in order to play that demanding role. This project identifies important trends in the IP Router Architecture. However, I have made analysis of the first generation IP Router Architectures involving Bus-Based Router Architectures with Single Processor. I have also outlined some design issues facing the next generation of routers. It is also observed that the achievement of high throughput IP routers is possible if the critical tasks are identified by using Vensim® PLE and special purpose modules are properly tailored to perform them.
Design a 24 v dc-to-230 v ac 100w single-phase inverter for photovoltaic application
(2009-04-01)
Tiang, Tow Leong
In this project, a 100W single phase full bridge inverter will be designed and constructed to convert 24VDC to 230VAC for photovoltaic application. The application used in this project is to control the speed of the single phase induction motor. The speed of the induction motor is changing when the frequency of the single phase inverter is changed. The inverter has been divided into two main parts. That is switching circuit and single phase full bridge inverter. The switching circuit is implemented by using PIC microcontroller, optocoupler and MOSFET driver. There are two types of switching technique i.e. SPWM and single PWM switching techniques. The switching circuit will trigger the power MOSFETs by sending the signal to the gate. The frequency of the inverter will be change if the switches are pressed and send the signal to the microcontroller. The single phase full bridge inverter is built by using four power MOSFETs and the input voltage is 24V. The output voltage of the inverter is stepped up by using a transformer to 230Vrms to run the induction motor. The frequency range is from 30Hz to 70Hz and the speed of the motor is from 754 rpm to 2020 rpm. The efficiency of the inverter is about 84.5%. The THD output voltage of SPWM switching technique is 5.6 % while the THD output voltage of single PWM switching technique is 42.5 % for a resistive load of 300 Ω. PSIM is a simulation tools that used to simulate the project. The hardware is implemented on veroboard and breadboard as well as constructed on the plastic.
Buffer design for the inductively-degenerated lna for w-cdma application
(2009-04-01)
Wong, Pi We
In this thesis, a 0.18μm CMOS buffer design for a PCSNIM W-CDMA LNA was proposed and analyzed in detail. This buffer is a simple class-AB voltage follower which uses a capacitor as feedback and a cascode current mirror as the biasing circuitry. Together with the PCSNIM LNA, this buffer design was simulated using Cadence SpectreRF. This design was implemented using Silterra 0.18μm technology and draws 0.99mA current from the voltage supply of 1.8V. This buffer operates with the PCSNIM LNA in the frequency range of 2110MHz to 2170MHz. At frequency 2.14GHz, the S21 is 17.57dB, S12 is - 67.19dB while S11 and S22 are -16.41dB and -24.45dB respectively. The NF is 1.82dB and NFmin is 1.65dB. The P1dB is -25.11dBm and IIP3 is -14.56dBm. Comparing to common drain buffer, this buffer has 16.65% lower gain but 16.69% higher linearity. Besides of that, it consumes 37.34% lower current.
Design of permanent magnet brushed excited dc motor for underwater vehicle propulsion system
(2009-04-01)
Zainal Abidin, Muhammad Firdaus
This paper discuss about designing and analysis of permanent magnet brushed dc motor (PMDC) for underwater vehicle propulsion system. In this project, a finite element modeling (FEM) with appropriate parameter is used to predict the motor performance. The Opera-2D software is used in the designing process to implement the motor model. The project starts with the study on underwater vehicle system that is requiring dynamic characteristics and performance. Based on that, we focus to design a motor with 12-slot armature and 14-slot armature which both being excited with 2-pole PM field. The motor dimension was calculated analytically. One of the important variables that contribute to the performance of PMDC motor is the magnetization direction of PM which is radial and parallel direction. Then, the best magnet arc spans need to find out for the both type of magnetization. The simulation results that can perform by Opera-2D are the magnetic field distribution, magnetic flux density, airgap flux density, cogging torque and EMF induced voltage. Based on the data analysis, this project will come out with the best motor model for underwater vehicle propulsion system.
Fpga hardware implementation of neuro-fuzzy algorithm for mobile robot autonomous navigation
(2009-04-01)
Chan, Zhi Wei
Navigation and obstacle avoidance are some of the important tasks or mission deployed and accomplished by an autonomous mobile robot. The objective of this project is to design an obstacle avoidance program for mobile robot that incorporates a neuro-fuzzy algorithm which will be implemented on Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) development board. To generate collision-free path for mobile robot, a proper motion planning is needed. Implementation of software and hardware system can be done by using Altera Quartus® II design software, System-on-programmable-chip (SOPC) Builder, Nios® II Integrated Design Environment (IDE) software, and FPGA development and education board (DE2). Simulation and weight training process is tested by using Nios® II IDE software. Ultrasonic sensor is used as the sensing element for the mobile robot while servo motor is used as the actuator for the mobile robot. The result shows that the neuro-fuzzy algorithm is successfully implemented into the FPGA development board and the mobile robot build are able to communicate with the FPGA development board to avoid obstacle.
Artificial neural network for gas-oil flow pattern recognition using capacitance tomography data
(2009-04-01)
Tan, Kim Leng
The technique to recognize the oil and gas flow pattern in a pipe is needed in the oil and gas industry to monitoring the condition of the oil and gas pipe system. Any mistake or malfunction may lead to serious loss and endanger the workers and environments. Generally there are lots of flow pattern such as Empty, Full, Stratified, Bubble, Core and Annular. The Electrical Capacitance Tomography (ECT) technique is used to take the cross sectional data of the pipe. The Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) is used to recognize the flow patterns. This project uses the Multilayer Perceptron (MLP) as the ANNs model. The MLP is trained, validated, and tested with the ECT data. The ECT data is divided into three groups, training, validation, and testing. The Matlab software is used to build the MLP architecture. The learning algorithms used for this project is the Levenberg-Marquardt algorithms and the Quasi-Newton algorithms. Result show that trained MLP is able to give a percentage of accuracy of 99.102% in oil and gas flow pattern recognition. This shows that the MLP is suitable to be used in the oil and gas flow pattern recognition.
Hand tracking system as virtual input device
(2009-04-01)
New, Mung Yin
The objective of this project is to develop a vision-based hand tracking system, which can be used as an input device for communicating with the computer. In this system, the only external device required is a webcam. There are two webcams being used throughout the project, each for one hand. In this report, a hand tracking algorithm has been presented using Simulink® to track and recognize hand gestures for interacting with a computer. This algorithm is based on five steps; which are image acquisition, hand detection, hand segmentation, feature extraction, and gesture recognition. In hand detection, accurate skin colour model is being built, and is used for hand segmentation to segment the hand from the background. Feature extraction is performed to extract useful information from images. In gesture recognition, extracted information is used for recognizing the hand movement. Besides, a graphical user interface (GUI) is created for presenting the results. The results show that the system can successfully track the hand, and integration of the algorithm into useful applications such as motion controlling. From the project, it can also be seen that vision-based hand tracking system can be realized, and it provides a convenient way for human-computer interface.
Exploring graph cut technique for mammography images
(2009-04-01)
Ding, Nik Siong
Breast cancer is one of the most common diseases among woman nowadays. However, the presence of medical imaging tools such as mammography enables diagnosis of breast cancer to be conducted at beginning stage of breast cancer development. Mammogram is the image produced by mammography process. The presence of abnormal structures in mammograms will indicate that the woman is having a breast cancer. In this study, a new algorithm called graph cut was explored to evaluate its efficiency to detect the presence of abnormal structures in mammograms. Although graph cut technique is new but it has generated a lot interest among the researchers in the computer vision community. The primary reason for this rising popularity has been the successes of efficient graph cut algorithm in solving many low level vision problems such as image segmentation, object reconstruction, image restoration and disparity estimation. Masses and mircocalcifications are two most common abnormal structures in mammograms. In this study, a specific mammogram segmentation algorithm was developed based on the graph cut technique. This mammogram segmentation algorithm was used to test efficiency of the graph cut technique to segment the abnormal structures out of mammograms. The success rates of detecting these abnormal structures are high. For masses, graph cut technique able to detect the mass structures in all mammograms used to test this technique. Meanwhile, for microcalcifications, graph cut technique only can detect the microcalcification structures in mammograms which show low density breast. These segmentation results proved that graph cut technique is suitable to be used to detect the presence of abnormal structures in mammograms.
Design and simulation of power mems microcombustor
(2009-04-01)
Ishak, Mohammad Zulfikar
The purpose of this study is to design and simulate a microscale combustor chamber for portable power generation by manipulating the energy stored in the hydrocarbons fuel. Electricity is generated by integrating the catalytic combustion with thermoelectric material. Various microcombustor dimensions were studied in order to optimize the combustion chamber efficiency. The microcmbustor model are developed and analyzed by using CoventorWare MemCFD analyzer to determine the velocity of reactant and thermal profile inside the combustion chamber. From analytical analysis, the microcombustor exhibit high heat loss by convection to the surrounding and analysis using Coventorware shows there are inconsistent velocity distribution across the combustion channel. To overcome these problems, thermal insulator is promoted to insulate the combustion chamber from heat losses by convection and fine metal screen (mixer) must be placed in the combustion chamber to induce uniform reactant flow through the microchannel. All the parameters and design considerations that influence the performance of the microcombustor are also discussed in detail for future experimental analysis.
Modeling and simulation of thermal microactuator
(2009-04-01)
Ang, Beng Seng
This thesis focuses on the modeling and simulation of a thermal bimorph microactuator. It involves the modeling of electrothermal, mechanical, electrical and geometrical characteristics of a thermal bimorph microactuator. Upon studying the principles of a thermal microactuator, the analytical modeling and simulation is achieved through CAD software, Coventorware®. For most materials, when they are heated, it causes an increase in size; and a decrease in size occurs with decreasing temperature. The amount of expansion is small when compared to the overall size of the device undergoing the expansion. Therefore, actuation by thermal expansion must be coupled with a way to amplify the motion or displacement. The best way to amplify the thermal expansion motion is by varying the length of the arm rather than changing the input voltage. For the same material properties of the thermal bimorph microactuator, changing the input voltage consume more electrical power than the one that changes with the length. Normally, the temperature in the thermal bimorph microactuator is only being changed when the applied voltage varies. The displacement of the thermal bimorph microactuator is not affected by the temperature change. The maximum temperature of the thermal bimorph microactuator appears at the middle of the hot arm. The parameters that influence the performance of the thermal bimorph microactuator are also discussed.
3d networked virtual representation
(2009-04-01)
Tan, Hong Ping
Three dimensional (3D) virtualization has been a popular method to observe and present data and simulation results. Although many robotic applications have applied 3D virtualization technology for simulation, there is not much applications which incorporate 3D technology into computer networking to develop a networked virtual environment (net-VE) with teleoperation ability. This project aimed to realise such system, where multiple users able to control and view the virtual mobile robots, in addition, able to teleoperate a real mobile robot through the virtual environment. This project presented the system, 3DVR©, which has all the features of a net-VE system with teleoperation function. 3DVR© is being developed using Python scripting language, and Panda3D® engine for 3D virtualization. The implementation of 3DVR© shows 3D virtualization of 3D models and environment in a graphical user interface (GUI) with functions in aiding the users to view and navigate around the virtual environment. There are four operation modes in 3DVR©; which are local virtual robot simulation, local real robot teleoperation, mobile robot teleoperation through local area network (LAN), and mobile robot teleoperation through internet. The four operation modes are successfully demonstrated with virtual mobile robot models and the results obtained are promising.
Development of a simple mobile determination system for potential drug in natural product based on artificial neural network
(2009-04-01)
Tan, Bee Ling
The purpose of this project is to develop a mobile determination system of potential drug in natural product based on Artificial Neural Network (ANN). The project is divided into 2 parts. The first part is to find the most suitable neural network to be implemented in the potential drug determination system. This project compares the performance among the conventional Multilayered Perceptron (MLP) network trained with Back Propagation (BP), Levenberg Marquardt (LM) and Bayesian Regularization (BR) learning algorithms and the Hybrid Multilayered Perceptron (HMLP) network trained with Modified Recursive Prediction Error (MRPE) learning algorithm. The performance analysis is carried out based on the determination accuracy. The HMLP network with the MRPE algorithms obtained the best performance with accuracy of 82.03% as compared to that of the MLP network trained with BP, LM and BR with accuracy 78.56%, 80.47% and 81.25% respectively. Thus, the HMLP network is implemented in the potential drug determination system. The second part integrates the determination system in web based. The user need to login to the web site and register as a new user. After verified the email and passwords, the user can use the potential drug determination system and view the result from result page. Overall, this project has successfully developed a mobile system which can determine the potential drug of the natural product based on ANN.
Monolithic microwave integrated circuit (mmic) power amplifier
(2009-04-01)
Ang, Chin Guek
The aim of this project was to design a MMIC power amplifier for wireless application by using 0.15 μm GaAs Power Pseudomorphic High Electron Mobility Transistor (PHEMT) technology with a gate width of 100 μm and 10 fingers at certain low frequency points at 2.4 GHz and 3.5 GHz. This project will focus on the power amplifier performances and layout design. The design methodology for power amplifier design can be broken down into three main sections: architecture design, small-signal design, and large-signal optimization. For 2.4 GHz power amplifier, with 3.0 V drain voltage, the amplifier has achieved 17.265 dB small-signal gain, input and output return loss of 16.310 dB and 14.418 dB, 14.862 dBm 1-dB gain compression power with 12.318 % power-added efficiency (PAE). For 3.5GHz power amplifier, the amplifier has achieved 14.434 dB small-signal gain, input and output return loss of 12.612 dB and 11.746 dB, 14.665 dBm 1-dB gain compression power with 11.796 % power-added efficiency (PAE). The power amplifier for frequency point at 2.4 GHz applies for Wireless LAN applications such as WiFi and WPAN whereas power amplifier for frequency point at 3.5 GHz applies for WiMax base station and W-CDMA. For the power amplifier MMIC, the requirements of power amplifier including aspects of high efficiency, high gain, unconditional stable and operation at 2.4 GHz and 3.5 GHz are produced.

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