Pusat Pengajian Kejuruteraaan Elektrik dan Elektronik - Tesis

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Micro-Crack Detection Of Solar Cells Featuring Adaptive Anisotropic Diffusion Filter And Semi-Supervised Support Vector Learning
(0201-08)
Majid, Said Amirul Anwar B Ab Hamid @ Ab
In this thesis, a machine vision-based application for detecting micro-crack in an electro luminescence (el) image of solar cell is presented. The detection is a very challenging problem due to the complexity of the textural properties and background inhomogeneity of el images. Nevertheless, the micro-crack defect exhibits some unique properties such as high in gradient and low gray-levels. These properties together with the shape feature of the micro-crack are used in developing the detection algorithm. In this work, an image processing algorithm featuring an adaptive anisotropic diffusion filter and a segmentation technique based on twostage thresholding is proposed. The outcomes of this algorithm have demonstrated a highly accurate segmentation results compared to other standard methods. Based on the accuracy measure, the proposed methods achieve the highest f-measure of 0.0821. The local image features such as shape representation of the binary connected components are extracted and used in the machine learning to distinguish between cracked and good solar cells.
Identification Of Muscle Sound (MMG) In Human Body
(1999-04)
Khedher A. Hmood
From the biomedical engineering study on muscle fibers, there are two types of signals: Electromyography (EMG) signal and muscle sound (MMG). The EMG signal is generated by the human muscle and is detected by using stainless steel electrodes but the muscle sound MMG is detected using vibration detection sensor such as piezoelectric sensor. In this thesis, a suitable sensor has been used to detect the muscle sound in order to analyze its characteristics.
An Efficient Surface Mapping Technique Using Laser Triangulation For Image Recontruction
(2003-05)
Tjio Hok Hoo
An image acquisition system, which is used to capture 2-D images of object/scene for 3-D image reconstruction, is developed based on triangulation technique. The system consists of three devices, i.e. B/W CCO camera, laser diode and rotary table. These devices are placed in such a way that a triangle is formed. A grating line, which has a width of one pixel, is mounted in front of the laser diode. The purpose of the grating line is to project a stripe line on the surface of the object/scene. In this research, the positions of the camera and the laser diode are fixed. In order to acquire sufficient information for 3-D image reconstruction, the object/scene is rotated 360° about the azimuth of the rotary table. At every 15°, the rotary table is paused and a reflected image of the object is captured by the camera. Therefore, 24 different images are recorded in one complete rotation.
Electromagnetic Tomography For 2-D Mapping Of Moisture Content In Rice
(2003-10)
Lim, Meng Chun
This thesis deals with the development and application of electromagnetic tomography in food engineering applications, especially in moisture content profiling of cereals such as rice grain.
Design and development of an intelligent battery charger station
(2009-03-01)
Teoh, Wee Wee
This thesis presents the design and development of an intelligent battery charger for simultaneous charging of four NiMH batteries. It is designed to satisfy the demands of high current and fast charge applications such as electrical vehicles which use batteries as the electrical source energy. The purpose of this design is to provide an efficient charging algorithm using a microcontroller PIC16F877 in order to protect against overcharging and reduce the recharging time. This design includes the discharging function. In this design, the control and supervision of the whole charging process is entrusted to a microcontroller, which able to find out the initial battery state , decide the fit way to charge the battery (in order to ensure a long cycle-life) and determine when the charge process must be finished. The proposed design provides multiple charging current options with automated selection of optimum charging rate for the battery being charged. The charging algorithm is programmed in the PIC16F877 by using PIC Basic Pro. There are four basic charging algorithm used in this charger: slow (10%C), soft (20%C), fast (55%C) and trickle (4%C). The experimental results obtained show that the charger is functioning properly with the state defined in the microcontroller. The current regulation is successfully done by using PWM control. The accurate termination of fast charging cycle and safe charging of batteries demonstrate the reliable functioning of the proposed design. The charging and discharging curve obtained is almost the same as stated in the theoretical characteristic. The charging time to charge the battery from empty to full is almost two hours. The battery voltage at the end of charging cycle obtained is around 1.38V/battery. The fast charge cycle bring the battery to approximately 90% of the full charge condition. The implementation of design’s objective is fulfilled and is supported by experimental results.
Development of behaviour-based mobile robot for goal seeking and obstacle navigation
(2009-03-01)
Oo, Cheng Hoe
In the field of robotic, there are some concerns that always grab the world attention which are the motion planning and control problem. Both of them will finally decide the collision-free trajectories for a robot in static or dynamic environments which may have many unknown obstacle around while seeking the goal. Thus this report describes the development of a behavior-based mobile robot for the obstacle navigation and goal seeking. The subsumption architecture will be utilized with the obstacle avoidance having higher priority over goal seeking. In fact, there are many possible obstacles that may keep the robot wandering around aimlessly seeking the goal. One of its main problems is local minimum problem which keep robot trapping in a corner. Owing to simplicity, wall following will be the better solution for that case. Beside that, a deadlock is also consideration in this paper. In the nutshell, the report will discuss all possible obstacles that may exist in the real world. However the goal seeking feature still has flaw when it is combined with the obstacle avoidance. Besides that, the designed robot will act as leader guiding the other robots which are the followers to avoid the obstacle around while searching the goal. This is called the leader-following.
Modeling and simulation of thermal microactuator
(2009-04-01)
Ang, Beng Seng
This thesis focuses on the modeling and simulation of a thermal bimorph microactuator. It involves the modeling of electrothermal, mechanical, electrical and geometrical characteristics of a thermal bimorph microactuator. Upon studying the principles of a thermal microactuator, the analytical modeling and simulation is achieved through CAD software, Coventorware®. For most materials, when they are heated, it causes an increase in size; and a decrease in size occurs with decreasing temperature. The amount of expansion is small when compared to the overall size of the device undergoing the expansion. Therefore, actuation by thermal expansion must be coupled with a way to amplify the motion or displacement. The best way to amplify the thermal expansion motion is by varying the length of the arm rather than changing the input voltage. For the same material properties of the thermal bimorph microactuator, changing the input voltage consume more electrical power than the one that changes with the length. Normally, the temperature in the thermal bimorph microactuator is only being changed when the applied voltage varies. The displacement of the thermal bimorph microactuator is not affected by the temperature change. The maximum temperature of the thermal bimorph microactuator appears at the middle of the hot arm. The parameters that influence the performance of the thermal bimorph microactuator are also discussed.
3d networked virtual representation
(2009-04-01)
Tan, Hong Ping
Three dimensional (3D) virtualization has been a popular method to observe and present data and simulation results. Although many robotic applications have applied 3D virtualization technology for simulation, there is not much applications which incorporate 3D technology into computer networking to develop a networked virtual environment (net-VE) with teleoperation ability. This project aimed to realise such system, where multiple users able to control and view the virtual mobile robots, in addition, able to teleoperate a real mobile robot through the virtual environment. This project presented the system, 3DVR©, which has all the features of a net-VE system with teleoperation function. 3DVR© is being developed using Python scripting language, and Panda3D® engine for 3D virtualization. The implementation of 3DVR© shows 3D virtualization of 3D models and environment in a graphical user interface (GUI) with functions in aiding the users to view and navigate around the virtual environment. There are four operation modes in 3DVR©; which are local virtual robot simulation, local real robot teleoperation, mobile robot teleoperation through local area network (LAN), and mobile robot teleoperation through internet. The four operation modes are successfully demonstrated with virtual mobile robot models and the results obtained are promising.
Analysis of rf-to-voltage power detector for outdoor application
(2009-04-01)
Ng, Gua Bin
This is a dissertation regarding the analysis of RF power detector for outdoor application. RF power detector is an apparatus provided for detection of the output power from an RF power amplifier for purposes of controlling the output power. It is important in wireless communication system since each system has a specific power regulation and strength. This leads to the need for selectivity and good control of the output signal’s level. This became a fundamental issue in the design of any communication system. Therefore, AGC circuits become an important system especially for any device or system where wide amplitude variations in the output signal could lead to a lost of information or to an unacceptable performance of the system. Since there are various types of power detector available in the market, logarithmic amplifier was utilized to be implemented in AGC circuit after considering some factors. Before implementing on practical environment, analysis on log amp and AGC circuit is done by using ADS software. After that, the AGC practical circuit is presented and analyzed on breadboard according to the simulation circuit. From the analysis, the performance of AGC practical circuit is better in between 500 kHz and 1 MHz frequency range with a 40dB dynamic range.
Fpga hardware implementation of neuro-fuzzy algorithm for mobile robot autonomous navigation
(2009-04-01)
Chan, Zhi Wei
Navigation and obstacle avoidance are some of the important tasks or mission deployed and accomplished by an autonomous mobile robot. The objective of this project is to design an obstacle avoidance program for mobile robot that incorporates a neuro-fuzzy algorithm which will be implemented on Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) development board. To generate collision-free path for mobile robot, a proper motion planning is needed. Implementation of software and hardware system can be done by using Altera Quartus® II design software, System-on-programmable-chip (SOPC) Builder, Nios® II Integrated Design Environment (IDE) software, and FPGA development and education board (DE2). Simulation and weight training process is tested by using Nios® II IDE software. Ultrasonic sensor is used as the sensing element for the mobile robot while servo motor is used as the actuator for the mobile robot. The result shows that the neuro-fuzzy algorithm is successfully implemented into the FPGA development board and the mobile robot build are able to communicate with the FPGA development board to avoid obstacle.
Monolithic microwave integrated circuit (mmic) power amplifier
(2009-04-01)
Ang, Chin Guek
The aim of this project was to design a MMIC power amplifier for wireless application by using 0.15 μm GaAs Power Pseudomorphic High Electron Mobility Transistor (PHEMT) technology with a gate width of 100 μm and 10 fingers at certain low frequency points at 2.4 GHz and 3.5 GHz. This project will focus on the power amplifier performances and layout design. The design methodology for power amplifier design can be broken down into three main sections: architecture design, small-signal design, and large-signal optimization. For 2.4 GHz power amplifier, with 3.0 V drain voltage, the amplifier has achieved 17.265 dB small-signal gain, input and output return loss of 16.310 dB and 14.418 dB, 14.862 dBm 1-dB gain compression power with 12.318 % power-added efficiency (PAE). For 3.5GHz power amplifier, the amplifier has achieved 14.434 dB small-signal gain, input and output return loss of 12.612 dB and 11.746 dB, 14.665 dBm 1-dB gain compression power with 11.796 % power-added efficiency (PAE). The power amplifier for frequency point at 2.4 GHz applies for Wireless LAN applications such as WiFi and WPAN whereas power amplifier for frequency point at 3.5 GHz applies for WiMax base station and W-CDMA. For the power amplifier MMIC, the requirements of power amplifier including aspects of high efficiency, high gain, unconditional stable and operation at 2.4 GHz and 3.5 GHz are produced.
Design of permanent magnet brushed excited dc motor for underwater vehicle propulsion system
(2009-04-01)
Zainal Abidin, Muhammad Firdaus
This paper discuss about designing and analysis of permanent magnet brushed dc motor (PMDC) for underwater vehicle propulsion system. In this project, a finite element modeling (FEM) with appropriate parameter is used to predict the motor performance. The Opera-2D software is used in the designing process to implement the motor model. The project starts with the study on underwater vehicle system that is requiring dynamic characteristics and performance. Based on that, we focus to design a motor with 12-slot armature and 14-slot armature which both being excited with 2-pole PM field. The motor dimension was calculated analytically. One of the important variables that contribute to the performance of PMDC motor is the magnetization direction of PM which is radial and parallel direction. Then, the best magnet arc spans need to find out for the both type of magnetization. The simulation results that can perform by Opera-2D are the magnetic field distribution, magnetic flux density, airgap flux density, cogging torque and EMF induced voltage. Based on the data analysis, this project will come out with the best motor model for underwater vehicle propulsion system.
Implementation of motion estimation and motion compensation using block matching algorithms for video coding
(2009-04-01)
Tan, Sin Peng
A motion estimation and compensation algorithm for video compression is implemented using MATLAB software. In this project, two types of block matching algorithm (BMA) have been developed that is the Exhaustive Search (ES) and Three Step Search (TSS). In this approach, the current frame of a video sequence is divided into a matrix of macro blocks that are then compared with corresponding block and its adjacent neighbors in the previous frame to find the motion vector that stipulates the movement of a macro block from one location to another in the previous frame. This movement calculated for all the macro blocks comprising a frame, constitutes the motion estimated in the current frame. A motion compensated image for the current frame is then created that is built of blocks of image from the previous frame. The matching of one macro block with another is based on the output of a cost function. The macro block that results in the least cost is the one that matches the closest to current block. From thesimulation results obtained, ES has a better PSNR performance compared with the TSS. The average search point per macro block for ES is also computed and the value is almost 9 times of that of the TSS. TSS technique proved to be the better BMA since it has a significantly smaller computation time with its PSNR performance almost the same as the ES.
Harmonic effect on a three-phase induction motor performance
(2009-04-01)
Hj Ab Rashid, Mohd Hafizi
Three phase induction motor are by far the most widely used in industry, they popular in industry because they are more economical, last longer, and required less maintenance than other type of motor. Due to the increase application of drive motor like variable voltage drives, today's power systems are rich of harmonic content. A high harmonic content may affect the performance of the motor and could become a concern in the field. This research presents the effect of voltage distortion on three-phase induction motor performance with light load condition. In this research, three-phase full-wave controller (AC controller) acts as the harmonic source. A three-phase squirrel cage induction motor is tested by using different value of percentage 𝑇𝑇𝑇 𝑣 from 0% t0 10%. From this research, it founded that the torques for each harmonic is quite small compared to rated torque, it only 0.15% from its fundamental value. They are alternately negative and positive for the harmonics listed in ascending order, and the net torque is a negligibly small negative torque. When 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑣 increase more than 5%, the torque motor drop more than 1% from the fundamental torque (for squirrel cage induction motor). The harmonic slip is close to one. The speed of induction motor is affected only about 0.07% from its fundamental speed when 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑣 are more than 5%.
Development of virtual reality environment for hepatocellular carcinoma (hcc) pre-surgical planning
(2009-04-01)
Koh, Che Hun
In traditional Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HCC) pre-surgical planning, surgeons are required to view the volumetric information using specific 2D image viewers and build a mental 3D liver model. This is a difficult task even for the experienced surgeons. Hence this project is to provide virtual reality (VR) environment which done by converting 2D abdominal slices into 3D model and develop graphical user interface (GUI) for pre-surgical planning. Marching cubes algorithm is introduced to reconstruct the 3D mesh obtain 3D model. The model is drawn by using OpenGL graphical library on the GUI. Development of GUI using Microsoft Visual C++ 2008 Express Edition provides interface between user and the 3D model. It provides the users many functions to manipulate the 3D model in order to fulfill the basic requirement in virtual reality (VR). Results are obtained by drawing the 3D models on GUI. Performance of the application is measured by the interaction between GUI and user and also the total number of triangular facets created to reconstruct the 3D model.
Modelling and simulation of microaccelerometer using mems software
(2009-04-01)
Mohd Raffay, Mohd Razemy
The objective of this project is to design and simulate an accelerometer by using MEMS software. Accelerometer is an inertial sensor that measures the acceleration or deceleration of a moving object. In this project, a capacitive comb drive accelerometer is designed by using CoventorWare. CoventorWare supports both system-level and physical design approaches. A schematic model of the accelerometer is developed. The dimensions of the accelerometer are defined as global variables. The schematic are simulated under various conditions by using Architect’s performance analyses. Plotting tools are used to view and measure results in several graphical formats. After refining and finalizing a design, the design is then transferred to 2-D layout using Layout Editor. For verification, a 3-D model was built. In this report, the results obtained from the analysis are compared with the formula to ensure the analysis obtained is correct. The accelerometer is at its best performance when it operates at 5g acceleration. Thus, the accelerometer can be used in hard disk to detect sudden fall. The hard disk will be turned off automatically when the accelerometer detect sudden fall. Hence, the data in the hard disk can be saved from loss when the hard disk falls down.
Fpga implementation of image rotation algorithm
(2009-04-01)
Hassan, Hairi
The FPGA implementation on Image Rotation algorithm is presented here. This implementation satisfied the real-time constrains and introduces a solution of very few distortions in image rotation. This design is based on Skew raster scan method of the original image. This design uses only integer addition instead of floating point multiplication. This solution also incorporates an arithmetic design that computes trigonometric value with precision up to 10 in rotation angle which improves the real-time performance rotation of gray level image. Thus the solution reduces the computational burden and improves the real-time performance.
Development of a power saving system for underwater vehicle
(2009-04-01)
Yusoff, Mohd Ariff Redza
Nowadays, power uses age is very import in our modern world. Most of the power systems are using petroleum as the base. In this project, light will be the source of energy. In conventional ways, light will be converting to electrical energy using solar panel then transfer to load circuit using copper wire. This project transfer energy from ground to underwater, so it use fiber optic as a medium to transfer energy from ground to underwater. This project choose fiber optic because of two factor, first because it safe for underwater creature and the ability of the fiber optic itself. If the copper wire is use, it will transfer electrical current, if the is any leakage, it is dangerous for underwater creature near the wire or cable. It may shock by electric current. Light will be transfer in the fiber optic and will be convert to electrical energy in load circuit, if there is any leakage on the fiber optic, it still safe for the under water creature. The other import factor of fiber optic is it can carry unlimited intensity of light. This will reduce in cost and size of the system. This project also research on light multiplexing technique. Photodiode are use to convert light to electrical energy. The multiplexer light will energize the photodiode and develop electrical energy. This project is very safe for our environment and underwater creature.
Helical antenna design in the high frequency range
(2009-04-01)
Meor Othman, Ahmad
The main objective of this thesis is to design various structures of the helical antenna in the high frequency range and to study the effect these shapes has on the S11 parameter results of the helical antenna. Among the helical antenna parameters that are being researched are its different forms that link to multiple diameters, radius ratio, and number of turns. Simulation results were simulated using the CST Microwave Studio which is an analytic tool that provides an accurate 3D EM simulation results for high frequency. The helical antenna was constructed for the selected simulation design. This is to compare between the simulated results and the measured results. The simulation results conclude that all of the simulated designs were operating in the High Frequency range and has the return loss below the -10dB reference line. From the far-field simulated results, the helical antennas radiation pattern has a donut shape indicating it as a vertically polarized antenna. The main lobe of the patterns occupied the entire region 0° ≤ θ ≤ 90°. The simulation results also conclude that as the number of turns of the helical antenna is increased the operating frequency would decrease and the bandwidth would be narrower. The directivity of the antenna however is proportional to the number of turns increased. There were some slight difference between the fabricated results and the simulated results due to many factors which will be discussed more in this thesis. Overall, the results of the experiment revealed that all of the helical antennas’ designed was operating in the High Frequency range and have wide bandwidth.
Development of exponential golomb coding compression and decompression algorithms in digital signal processing (dsp)
(2009-04-01)
Wahed, Syamsinar
Efficient data transmission is very important in communication industry. The most important element in data transmission is storage. The more information being dealt with, the more storage is needed. Most digital data that are being transmitted are stored in the easiest form, such as: ASCII text from word processors, binary code that can be executed on a computer and individual samples from a data acquisition system. Data compression is the general term for the various algorithms and programs developed to address this problem. A compression program is used to convert data from an easy to use format to one optimized for compactness. Likewise, decompression program returns the information into its original form. This report is regarding the compression and decompression techniques called Exponential Golomb Coding on Digital Signal Processing (DSP). Firstly, the project will develop the algorithm on a PC using C language and then implement the algorithm on DSP using C6416 board. The algorithm develop on PC and DSP is being tested with various data string and the result will be compared and analyzed whether there is any different between this two types of implementation. A higher compression size is obtained if the data have less similarities and having a lot of string of ‘1’s that causes the compressed data to be even larger than the original data itself.

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