Pusat Pengajian Kejuruteraaan Elektrik dan Elektronik - Tesis

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An Efficient Surface Mapping Technique Using Laser Triangulation For Image Recontruction
(2003-05)
Tjio Hok Hoo
An image acquisition system, which is used to capture 2-D images of object/scene for 3-D image reconstruction, is developed based on triangulation technique. The system consists of three devices, i.e. B/W CCO camera, laser diode and rotary table. These devices are placed in such a way that a triangle is formed. A grating line, which has a width of one pixel, is mounted in front of the laser diode. The purpose of the grating line is to project a stripe line on the surface of the object/scene. In this research, the positions of the camera and the laser diode are fixed. In order to acquire sufficient information for 3-D image reconstruction, the object/scene is rotated 360° about the azimuth of the rotary table. At every 15°, the rotary table is paused and a reflected image of the object is captured by the camera. Therefore, 24 different images are recorded in one complete rotation.
Electromagnetic Tomography For 2-D Mapping Of Moisture Content In Rice
(2003-10)
Lim, Meng Chun
This thesis deals with the development and application of electromagnetic tomography in food engineering applications, especially in moisture content profiling of cereals such as rice grain.
Design and development of an intelligent battery charger station
(2009-03-01)
Teoh, Wee Wee
This thesis presents the design and development of an intelligent battery charger for simultaneous charging of four NiMH batteries. It is designed to satisfy the demands of high current and fast charge applications such as electrical vehicles which use batteries as the electrical source energy. The purpose of this design is to provide an efficient charging algorithm using a microcontroller PIC16F877 in order to protect against overcharging and reduce the recharging time. This design includes the discharging function. In this design, the control and supervision of the whole charging process is entrusted to a microcontroller, which able to find out the initial battery state , decide the fit way to charge the battery (in order to ensure a long cycle-life) and determine when the charge process must be finished. The proposed design provides multiple charging current options with automated selection of optimum charging rate for the battery being charged. The charging algorithm is programmed in the PIC16F877 by using PIC Basic Pro. There are four basic charging algorithm used in this charger: slow (10%C), soft (20%C), fast (55%C) and trickle (4%C). The experimental results obtained show that the charger is functioning properly with the state defined in the microcontroller. The current regulation is successfully done by using PWM control. The accurate termination of fast charging cycle and safe charging of batteries demonstrate the reliable functioning of the proposed design. The charging and discharging curve obtained is almost the same as stated in the theoretical characteristic. The charging time to charge the battery from empty to full is almost two hours. The battery voltage at the end of charging cycle obtained is around 1.38V/battery. The fast charge cycle bring the battery to approximately 90% of the full charge condition. The implementation of design’s objective is fulfilled and is supported by experimental results.
Development of behaviour-based mobile robot for goal seeking and obstacle navigation
(2009-03-01)
Oo, Cheng Hoe
In the field of robotic, there are some concerns that always grab the world attention which are the motion planning and control problem. Both of them will finally decide the collision-free trajectories for a robot in static or dynamic environments which may have many unknown obstacle around while seeking the goal. Thus this report describes the development of a behavior-based mobile robot for the obstacle navigation and goal seeking. The subsumption architecture will be utilized with the obstacle avoidance having higher priority over goal seeking. In fact, there are many possible obstacles that may keep the robot wandering around aimlessly seeking the goal. One of its main problems is local minimum problem which keep robot trapping in a corner. Owing to simplicity, wall following will be the better solution for that case. Beside that, a deadlock is also consideration in this paper. In the nutshell, the report will discuss all possible obstacles that may exist in the real world. However the goal seeking feature still has flaw when it is combined with the obstacle avoidance. Besides that, the designed robot will act as leader guiding the other robots which are the followers to avoid the obstacle around while searching the goal. This is called the leader-following.
Helical antenna design in the high frequency range
(2009-04-01)
Meor Othman, Ahmad
The main objective of this thesis is to design various structures of the helical antenna in the high frequency range and to study the effect these shapes has on the S11 parameter results of the helical antenna. Among the helical antenna parameters that are being researched are its different forms that link to multiple diameters, radius ratio, and number of turns. Simulation results were simulated using the CST Microwave Studio which is an analytic tool that provides an accurate 3D EM simulation results for high frequency. The helical antenna was constructed for the selected simulation design. This is to compare between the simulated results and the measured results. The simulation results conclude that all of the simulated designs were operating in the High Frequency range and has the return loss below the -10dB reference line. From the far-field simulated results, the helical antennas radiation pattern has a donut shape indicating it as a vertically polarized antenna. The main lobe of the patterns occupied the entire region 0° ≤ θ ≤ 90°. The simulation results also conclude that as the number of turns of the helical antenna is increased the operating frequency would decrease and the bandwidth would be narrower. The directivity of the antenna however is proportional to the number of turns increased. There were some slight difference between the fabricated results and the simulated results due to many factors which will be discussed more in this thesis. Overall, the results of the experiment revealed that all of the helical antennas’ designed was operating in the High Frequency range and have wide bandwidth.
Development of exponential golomb coding compression and decompression algorithms in digital signal processing (dsp)
(2009-04-01)
Wahed, Syamsinar
Efficient data transmission is very important in communication industry. The most important element in data transmission is storage. The more information being dealt with, the more storage is needed. Most digital data that are being transmitted are stored in the easiest form, such as: ASCII text from word processors, binary code that can be executed on a computer and individual samples from a data acquisition system. Data compression is the general term for the various algorithms and programs developed to address this problem. A compression program is used to convert data from an easy to use format to one optimized for compactness. Likewise, decompression program returns the information into its original form. This report is regarding the compression and decompression techniques called Exponential Golomb Coding on Digital Signal Processing (DSP). Firstly, the project will develop the algorithm on a PC using C language and then implement the algorithm on DSP using C6416 board. The algorithm develop on PC and DSP is being tested with various data string and the result will be compared and analyzed whether there is any different between this two types of implementation. A higher compression size is obtained if the data have less similarities and having a lot of string of ‘1’s that causes the compressed data to be even larger than the original data itself.
Automation of voltage using analog voltage margining card
(2009-04-01)
Loh, Han Yang
In this project, voltage automation scripts for Analog Voltage Margining Card (AVMC) are being developed. The AVMC card is a card used to support analog validation of a target test system. It supports margining of target voltage supplies through voltage and simulated current controls. AVMC is used to replace ADM1066 chip for the voltage margining due to its accuracy and flexibility. Voltage automation scripts are written using bash language because it is suited for automation tasks. For the scripts to work, an operating system called System Validation Operating System (SVOS) such that user can margin the voltage by entering a single command. The voltage margining scripts generated is being tested on two types of Intel board which are Pinetrail and Tigerhill. Seven Pinetrail and five Tigerhill boards are used for testing the voltage margining scripts. When running a script on a board, the output voltage on the board is being measured using a digital multimeter. The measurement is then compared to the actual or desired value of the user. Voltage margining had been carried out to each available board and it shows that the scripts work. Hence, the voltage margining scripts for AVMC had been successfully developed and is currently used for running test purposes in Intel.
Image super resolution using interpolation
(2009-04-01)
Lee, Siang Hoe
Interpolation is a method to enlarge an image. It collects information from an image and uses this information to predict the unknown information in the upgrade size of image. The information in an image will affect the image resolution. Low resolution image has least information or smaller image size, and high resolution image has more information and bigger image size. In this project, a low resolution image is interpolated by four different interpolation methods, and this interpolated image is filtered by four filtering methods. These four interpolation and four filtering methods are nearest neighbor interpolation, bilinear interpolation, bicubic interpolation, Lanczos interpolation, smoothing filter, Gaussian filter, sharpening filter and unsharp masking filter. The final image of each method is compared, and the difference with ground truth image is measured. Based on the results, it shows that magnification ratio is inversely proportional to output image. As magnification ratio increase, the output image quality is decreased. In up sampling an image, interpolation methods should be considered first then only filtering methods. This because interpolation methods affects output result the most rather than filtering methods. Bicubic interpolation gives 18.5513 of MSE value and Gaussian filter gives 17.3515 of MSE value which both are the lowest MSE value among others interpolation and filtering methods for magnification factor of two.
Design and simulation of power mems microcombustor
(2009-04-01)
Ishak, Mohammad Zulfikar
The purpose of this study is to design and simulate a microscale combustor chamber for portable power generation by manipulating the energy stored in the hydrocarbons fuel. Electricity is generated by integrating the catalytic combustion with thermoelectric material. Various microcombustor dimensions were studied in order to optimize the combustion chamber efficiency. The microcmbustor model are developed and analyzed by using CoventorWare MemCFD analyzer to determine the velocity of reactant and thermal profile inside the combustion chamber. From analytical analysis, the microcombustor exhibit high heat loss by convection to the surrounding and analysis using Coventorware shows there are inconsistent velocity distribution across the combustion channel. To overcome these problems, thermal insulator is promoted to insulate the combustion chamber from heat losses by convection and fine metal screen (mixer) must be placed in the combustion chamber to induce uniform reactant flow through the microchannel. All the parameters and design considerations that influence the performance of the microcombustor are also discussed in detail for future experimental analysis.
Development of a simple mobile determination system for potential drug in natural product based on artificial neural network
(2009-04-01)
Tan, Bee Ling
The purpose of this project is to develop a mobile determination system of potential drug in natural product based on Artificial Neural Network (ANN). The project is divided into 2 parts. The first part is to find the most suitable neural network to be implemented in the potential drug determination system. This project compares the performance among the conventional Multilayered Perceptron (MLP) network trained with Back Propagation (BP), Levenberg Marquardt (LM) and Bayesian Regularization (BR) learning algorithms and the Hybrid Multilayered Perceptron (HMLP) network trained with Modified Recursive Prediction Error (MRPE) learning algorithm. The performance analysis is carried out based on the determination accuracy. The HMLP network with the MRPE algorithms obtained the best performance with accuracy of 82.03% as compared to that of the MLP network trained with BP, LM and BR with accuracy 78.56%, 80.47% and 81.25% respectively. Thus, the HMLP network is implemented in the potential drug determination system. The second part integrates the determination system in web based. The user need to login to the web site and register as a new user. After verified the email and passwords, the user can use the potential drug determination system and view the result from result page. Overall, this project has successfully developed a mobile system which can determine the potential drug of the natural product based on ANN.
Implementation of motion estimation and motion compensation using block matching algorithms for video coding
(2009-04-01)
Tan, Sin Peng
A motion estimation and compensation algorithm for video compression is implemented using MATLAB software. In this project, two types of block matching algorithm (BMA) have been developed that is the Exhaustive Search (ES) and Three Step Search (TSS). In this approach, the current frame of a video sequence is divided into a matrix of macro blocks that are then compared with corresponding block and its adjacent neighbors in the previous frame to find the motion vector that stipulates the movement of a macro block from one location to another in the previous frame. This movement calculated for all the macro blocks comprising a frame, constitutes the motion estimated in the current frame. A motion compensated image for the current frame is then created that is built of blocks of image from the previous frame. The matching of one macro block with another is based on the output of a cost function. The macro block that results in the least cost is the one that matches the closest to current block. From thesimulation results obtained, ES has a better PSNR performance compared with the TSS. The average search point per macro block for ES is also computed and the value is almost 9 times of that of the TSS. TSS technique proved to be the better BMA since it has a significantly smaller computation time with its PSNR performance almost the same as the ES.
Artificial neural network for gas-oil flow pattern recognition using capacitance tomography data
(2009-04-01)
Tan, Kim Leng
The technique to recognize the oil and gas flow pattern in a pipe is needed in the oil and gas industry to monitoring the condition of the oil and gas pipe system. Any mistake or malfunction may lead to serious loss and endanger the workers and environments. Generally there are lots of flow pattern such as Empty, Full, Stratified, Bubble, Core and Annular. The Electrical Capacitance Tomography (ECT) technique is used to take the cross sectional data of the pipe. The Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) is used to recognize the flow patterns. This project uses the Multilayer Perceptron (MLP) as the ANNs model. The MLP is trained, validated, and tested with the ECT data. The ECT data is divided into three groups, training, validation, and testing. The Matlab software is used to build the MLP architecture. The learning algorithms used for this project is the Levenberg-Marquardt algorithms and the Quasi-Newton algorithms. Result show that trained MLP is able to give a percentage of accuracy of 99.102% in oil and gas flow pattern recognition. This shows that the MLP is suitable to be used in the oil and gas flow pattern recognition.
Micro and millimeter wave integrated circuit (mmwic) amplifier
(2009-04-01)
Ng, Xiang Rhung
The aim of this project was to design low noise (LNA) and medium power amplifier (MPA) at 30GHz based on 0.15um GaAs Power Pseudomorphic High Electron Mobility Transistor pHEMT technology. The simulation was performed using ADS. The LNA and MPA in this project are using the same methodology that is define the device characteristic, biasing network, stability network, input and output matching network, cascading the single stage circuit and design layout. At a supply voltage of 3.0V and 30 GHz operating frequency, this two-stage LNA achieves an associated gain of 21.628 dB, noise figure (NF) of 2.509 dB and output referred 1dB compression point (P1dB) of -11.003dBm, the total power consumptions for the LNA is 174mW. At a supply voltage of 6.0V and 30 GHz operating frequency, a 2-stage MPA achieves a linear gain (S21) of 13.236 dB, P1dB of 22.455dBm, power gain of 11.055 dB and the PAE of 14.606% and the total power consumptions for the MPA is 1.122W. The 30GHz LNA and PA can be applied in direct broadcast satellite (DBS), automotive radar transmitter and receiver respectively.
Control strategy of permanent magnet brushlessdc motor using matlab / Simulink
(2009-04-01)
Manan, Noradzim
The Permanent Magnet Brushless DC motor (PMBLDC) has a permanentmagnet rotor, and the stator windings are wound such that the back electromotive force (BEMF) is trapezoidal. Therefore it requires rectangular shaped stator phase currents to produce constant torque. The trapezoidal back EMF implies that the mutual inductance between the stator and rotor is nonsinusoidal. The objective of this project is to develop a simulation of PMBLDC using Matlab / Simulink software. The result of this simulation is to show theperformance of the PMBLDC by referring its stator current, speed, torque and back electromotive force (BEMF). This result will be compare with the ideal waveform obtained from theory. In this simulation model, the PMBLDC is controlled by hysteresis current controller and PI controller for motor speed.
Analysis of harmonic current produced by ac-dc converters with various firing angles
(2009-04-01)
Nik Hassan, Nik Mohd Farid
The main propose of this project is to analyze harmonic input current produced by AC to DC converter by varying firing angle.Generally,the analysis of input current can be defined as changes to Total Harmonic Distorted. This overall project analyzes 2 variables to relate firing angle with thyristor by differences of the total harmonic distorted.The AC to DC converter that is used is single phase AC to DC converter and three phases AC to DC converter.The AC to DC one phase converter used 4 thyristor while 3 phase AC to DC converter used 6 thyristor as as switch.The resistance being assumed in this analysis is pure resistance.The values of capacitor and inductor resistance are not considered. The purpose of doing so is to neglect the value of Power Factor for the AC to DC circuit.In this Project,3 steps is taken to analyze the relationship of firing angle in thyristor to the total harmonic distorted.The first step is to use theories of input waveform current harmonic changes and this value is interpreted by Fourier Series.Based on the results obtained from the three methods,for single phase control rectifier,it can is observed that the firing angle is directly proportional to THD,and the range varying angle obeys the standard introduced by IEEE for THD,which is less than 20% for angles of 0° to 40°.For three phase control rectifier,it is observed that the firing angle increases with respect to THD,and no range firing angles obeys the standard of IEEE.This is because based on the experiment,3 phase controlled rectifier,when the varying angle of thyristor is 0°,the THD value is 26.7%,and exceeded the standard fixed by IEEE.
Developement of a 500w inverter system
(2009-04-01)
Sabri, Ahmad Yusrie
The goal of the project is to produce a high efficiency inverter system to convert a 12 V dc supply to a 240 V sinusoidal ac output with a 50 Hz frequency. It is aimed at first the project will be able to produced an inverter having an efficiency of 75% or greater. A PWM switching scheme will be used for the switching of a full bridge inverter. Full bridge inverter circuit is used to convert a DC input to AC output. Output will be step up using a 500 W transformer with a ratio of 12 V primary sides and 240 V secondary sides. Another important issue in designing inverter is how the harmonics is present and how to eliminate it. A second order LC filter is able to eliminate the unwanted harmonics that occur at the output of the system. The simulation result shows that the design able to produce a circuit of high efficiency (greater than 95%), however the practical implementation fails to yield a desired output.
Image processing with artificial intelligence
(2009-04-01)
Kenny, Toh Kal Vin
Digital images acquired through many consumer electronics products are often corrupted by salt-and-pepper noise during image acquisition, recording and transmission due to a number of nonidealities encountered in image sensors, communication channels and external disturbance. In most image processing applications, it is of vital importance to remove the noise from the image data because the performance of subsequent image processing tasks such as edge detection, image segmentation and others. This includes the elimination of salt-and-pepper noise contained in the images and at the same time preserving the image integrity. Specifically for the removal of salt-and-pepper noise, the median-based filters have been chief in this regard. Besides, there is the class of fuzzy-inference ruled by else-action (FIRE) filters, employing soft computing techniques to filter salt-and-pepper noise. In this project, a new fuzzy switching median (FSM) filter utilizing fuzzy techniques in image processing is developed. The designed filter is able to remove salt-and-pepper noise in digital images while preserving image details and textures very well. By incorporating fuzzy reasoning in correcting the detected noisy pixel, the low complexity FSMfilter is able to outperform some well known existing salt-and-pepper noise fuzzy and classical filters.
Harmonic effect on a three-phase induction motor performance
(2009-04-01)
Hj Ab Rashid, Mohd Hafizi
Three phase induction motor are by far the most widely used in industry, they popular in industry because they are more economical, last longer, and required less maintenance than other type of motor. Due to the increase application of drive motor like variable voltage drives, today's power systems are rich of harmonic content. A high harmonic content may affect the performance of the motor and could become a concern in the field. This research presents the effect of voltage distortion on three-phase induction motor performance with light load condition. In this research, three-phase full-wave controller (AC controller) acts as the harmonic source. A three-phase squirrel cage induction motor is tested by using different value of percentage 𝑇𝑇𝑇 𝑣 from 0% t0 10%. From this research, it founded that the torques for each harmonic is quite small compared to rated torque, it only 0.15% from its fundamental value. They are alternately negative and positive for the harmonics listed in ascending order, and the net torque is a negligibly small negative torque. When 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑣 increase more than 5%, the torque motor drop more than 1% from the fundamental torque (for squirrel cage induction motor). The harmonic slip is close to one. The speed of induction motor is affected only about 0.07% from its fundamental speed when 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑣 are more than 5%.
Development of virtual reality environment for hepatocellular carcinoma (hcc) pre-surgical planning
(2009-04-01)
Koh, Che Hun
In traditional Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HCC) pre-surgical planning, surgeons are required to view the volumetric information using specific 2D image viewers and build a mental 3D liver model. This is a difficult task even for the experienced surgeons. Hence this project is to provide virtual reality (VR) environment which done by converting 2D abdominal slices into 3D model and develop graphical user interface (GUI) for pre-surgical planning. Marching cubes algorithm is introduced to reconstruct the 3D mesh obtain 3D model. The model is drawn by using OpenGL graphical library on the GUI. Development of GUI using Microsoft Visual C++ 2008 Express Edition provides interface between user and the 3D model. It provides the users many functions to manipulate the 3D model in order to fulfill the basic requirement in virtual reality (VR). Results are obtained by drawing the 3D models on GUI. Performance of the application is measured by the interaction between GUI and user and also the total number of triangular facets created to reconstruct the 3D model.
Modelling and simulation of microaccelerometer using mems software
(2009-04-01)
Mohd Raffay, Mohd Razemy
The objective of this project is to design and simulate an accelerometer by using MEMS software. Accelerometer is an inertial sensor that measures the acceleration or deceleration of a moving object. In this project, a capacitive comb drive accelerometer is designed by using CoventorWare. CoventorWare supports both system-level and physical design approaches. A schematic model of the accelerometer is developed. The dimensions of the accelerometer are defined as global variables. The schematic are simulated under various conditions by using Architect’s performance analyses. Plotting tools are used to view and measure results in several graphical formats. After refining and finalizing a design, the design is then transferred to 2-D layout using Layout Editor. For verification, a 3-D model was built. In this report, the results obtained from the analysis are compared with the formula to ensure the analysis obtained is correct. The accelerometer is at its best performance when it operates at 5g acceleration. Thus, the accelerometer can be used in hard disk to detect sudden fall. The hard disk will be turned off automatically when the accelerometer detect sudden fall. Hence, the data in the hard disk can be saved from loss when the hard disk falls down.

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