Pusat Pengajian Kejuruteraan Bahan dan Sumber Mineral - Monograf

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3d-printed hexagonal prism-shaped polylactic acid/chitosan/nanohydroxyapatite composites for heavy metal ion adsorption application
(2024-08-01)
Goh Chiu Bee
The potential of 3D printing in wastewater treatment has been harnessed to design adsorbents for removing heavy metal contaminants. This research explores the potential of 3D-printed biobased composites for heavy metal adsorption in addressing limitations associated with conventional designs. Current 3D-printed filters for heavy metal removal often utilize block-like shapes (cubes or cylinders) which restricted the accessible surface area exposed to wastewater. This study proposes a novel approach by fabricating biobased scaffolds using fused deposition modeling (FDM). The unique design features hollow hexagonal prisms provide maximal surface area for the subsequently integrated chitosan/nanohydroxyapatite (CS/nHA) composite. Besides, the effect of pH and initial concentration on the adsorption capacity of the designed PLA/CS/nHA composites was investigated. The adsorption properties of the PLA/CS/nHA composite for copper (II) and cadmium (II) were tested by varying pH (3 to 6) and initial metal concentrations (20 mg/L to 100 mg/L). Copper and cadmium were chosen because of their high toxicity at trace levels. The concentration of heavy metal ions was measured using a UV-Visible Spectrophotometer (UV-Vis). The surface morphology and elemental compositions of PLA/CS/nHA composite were analyzed using field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) equipped with energy-dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDX). Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) was employed to examine the interactions between functional groups of adsorbents and heavy metal ions. The PLA/CS/nHA composite achieved a maximum adsorption capacity of 263.72 mg/g for Cu(II) at pH 5 and 213.34 mg/g for Cd(II) at pH 6. Notably, the adsorption capacity demonstrated a positive correlation with increasing initial metal concentrations. Cu(II) exhibited higher adsorption than Cd(II) due to smaller ionic radius and higher electronegativity. Both Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models effectively described the experimental data, with the Freundlich model exhibiting a more dominant role. The involvement of hydroxyl, amine, and phosphate functional groups of CS/nHA in adsorption of Cu(II) and Cd(II) was confirmed by the FTIR results. Overall, the adsorption capacity of PLA/CS/nHA composite was enhanced significantly by the unique hexagonal prism design of the 3D printed biobased PLA scaffold. The innovative design with higher heavy metal removal capacity than conventional form (powder, beads, block-shaped) is expected to inspire future research in this field.
3d-printed pla scaffolds coated with chitosan–alginate hybrid for lead ion removal From aqueous solutions
(2025-08)
Muhammad Shamin Shafiq bin Abdul Wahab
The global water crisis is increasingly exacerbated by heavy metal contamination, particularly lead (Pb²⁺), which poses serious risks due to its toxicity and persistence. Conventional removal methods are often costly, inefficient, and environmentally unsustainable. This research aims to design, and fabricate a novel 3D- printed bio-inspired composite scaffold utilizing chitosan-alginate coatings on polylactic acid (PLA) for enhanced heavy metal adsorption. This research presents a novel 3D-printed bio-inspired scaffold for enhanced Pb²⁺ adsorption, utilizing chitosan–alginate coatings on polylactic acid (PLA) frameworks. The scaffolds were fabricated using Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) and treated with 1M NaOH prior to dip-coating with chitosan–alginate solutions in a 1:1 ratio. Surface characterization via SEM, FTIR, and zeta potential analysis confirmed uniform coating (164.2 ± 5 μm), presence of functional groups, and a stable negative surface charge (-29.7 mV). Batch adsorption tests using 100 mg/L Pb²⁺ solutions showed a maximum adsorption capacity of 77.52 mg/g with 92.93% removal efficiency. Kinetic modeling indicated pseudo-second-order behavior (R² ≈ 0.9919), suggesting chemisorption as the dominant mechanism. This research shown the potential of 3D-printed, biopolymer- coated scaffolds as efficient, sustainable adsorbents. This research demonstrates the potential of 3D-printed, biopolymer-coated scaffolds as efficient, sustainable adsorbents. The findings offer insights into polyelectrolyte complexation and provide a scalable platform for future water purification technologies. threat of heavy metal pollution is becoming increasingly serious and poses a threat to human health and the natural environment (Vidu et al., 2020). The sources of the
A comparative study of different collectors in the flotation of rare earth mineral
(2022-08-17)
Muhamad Azman, Nadiah Adlin
Application of rare earth elements (REE) in various filed had caused the demand for REE-bearing minerals (REM) to spike in these recent years. Xenotime (YPO4), a source of yttrium (Y) is often sought for its high-temperature superconductors properties and also as an additive in alloys. Froth flotation as a fundamental method for processing complex minerals is commonly applied in the beneficiation of rare-earth-bearing minerals. This research program was designed to compare the effectiveness between two different collectors (octano-hydroxamic acid and sodium oleate) and its concentration on xenotime flotability. The froth flotation study is carried out using bench flotation equipment with the condition of pH 7 and at room temperature. Samples were also characterized using Particle Size Analysis (PSA), X-ray Diffraction (XRD), X-ray Fluorescence (XRF) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). In the absence of depressant, octano-hydroxamic acid shows better selectivity in the flotation of xenotime than sodium oleate. On the other hand, sodium oleate produces better grade of xenotime with the presence of depressant. Increases in concentration will improve xenotime grade but at higher concentration it can be detrimental. Optimum concentration for xenotime flotation was found at 0.001M. Overall, the addition of sodium silicate as depressant can significantly increase xenotime grade and successfully depress silica and alumina. However, it shows no depressing power on hematite. The knowledge gained from this work will be beneficial in selecting appropriate collectors for xenotime recovery in the industry.
A comparative study on the effect of chemical additives on clinker grinding
(2022-08-01)
Md Zan, Siti Rohaidah
The aim of the present research work is to improve the clinker performance by using a laboratory-scale ball mill to generate a high-quality mineral binder in terms of particle size, particle shape, and crystallization of particle. The experiment has been carried out in dry conditions, with around 1 kg of cement clinker sample measured using a measuring cylinder was ground with 20 kg of the steel ball. Characterization was done to the feed samples by X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF), X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). The grinding process were run without and with the addition of Triethanolamine (TEA) and two industrial grinding additives, MA. G. A/C379 and MA. G. A/C188 were employed in this experiment with dosages 0.05, 0.25, 0.50 and 1.00 wt.%. It was found that the addition of grinding aids with varied amounts of grinding aids has no significant influence on generating fine size cement powder, according to the graph of particle size distribution. Furthermore, the particles formed are elongated, cubic, angular, rhombus, flaky, and irregular grains shape and it has been demonstrated that there is no significant difference because the grain shape achieved before and after grinding is nearly identical. The particle crystallinity of the ground product is also not noticeably changed. To summarise, it was found that the optimum grinding additives that can be used are MA. G. A/C379and MA. G. A/C188.
A correlation between impact strength index, slake durability index and uniaxial compressive strength of granite rocks at natm-4, Langat, Selangor
(2012-06-01)
Md Noh, Nor Arina Saadiah
In this study, the correlations of the three parameters of rocks were studied in relation to the construction of the Inter – State Raw Water Transfer (ISRWT) Project. Inter – State Raw Water Transfer (ISRWT) Project is designed to assist and convey raw water from the Semantan River through a transfer tunnel to the Selangor / Kuala Lumpur region for domestic and industrial uses to mitigate future water shortages since the water resources available within the Selangor / Kuala Lumpur. The study area was at NATM-4 Langat area. In order to study the mechanical properties of the granitic rocks and correlation between impact strength index, slake durability index and uniaxial compressive strength, rock samples were collected from 16 tunnel distances to conduct three tests which are impact strength test, slake durability test and uniaxial compressive strength test. During analysis, there are factors have been considered to the strength of rocks but the most consideration was on the weathering state. From the results obtained, the slightly weathered rocks resulted in high strength meanwhile the highly weathered rocks show significantly low strength when it subjected to high impact loading, slake durability and uniaxial compressive force. In the experimental studies, it is also noticed that the correlation between these three tests are directly proportional. The impact strength index, slake durability index and uniaxial compressive strength are directly proportional to each other. So, as a recommendation, to study the strength or rocks, the physical testing also required because it is closely related to the mechanical properties of the rocks.
A novel waterborne coating based on styrene-acrylic copolymers for construction application
(2022-08-01)
Mohamad Rashid, Nor Shafikah
This study consists of 3 stages which reflected by three objectives. At the first stage, this study investigated the effect of agitation speed, types of surfactants, feeding time monomers and concentration of monomers, initiator, and buffer to obtain seed nanoparticles (~70nm). At the second stage, the different compositions of two monomers; n-Butyl Acrylate (BA) and Styrene (Sty) was studied to obtain the high stability of polymer and were synthesized by seeded emulsion polymerization. At the third stage, the PBA-Sty films were casted on glass plate at room temperature for 24hours and the corresponding of glass transition temperature (Tg) on mechanical properties of poly (n-butyl acrylate-co-styrene) (PBA-Sty) films were studied using Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) and tensile measurements. The chemical composition of materials was analyzed using Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR). The pH, Total Solid Content (TSC), Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS), Zeta potential were studied in determining the characterization of seed nanoparticles and the stability of Seed-core emulsion. The Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS) showed S17 obtain the smallest particles size (66.53nm) by using non-ionic surfactant. The highest concentration of Styrene (Sty) (SC5) showed high polymer conversion, high glass transition temperature contributes to having high tensile strength of films by obtaining (48.06%), 24'C and (7.73Mpa) respectively this is due to the styrene provide the rigidity and high of hydrophobic chain which contribute to high conversion of polymer. while highest concentration of Butyl Acrylate (BA) (SC1) showed high elongation at break (680.83%) which function in supplying the flexibility of film. showed high elongation at break (680.83%) which function in supplying the flexibility of film.
A stream-based evaluation of tin recovery efficiency and process optimization in an alluvial gravity separation plant
(2025-08-08)
Sofi Fazmy bin Mohd Fazil
This study evaluates the tin recovery efficiency at the KL Larut alluvial tin processing plant, which uses a closed-circuit system involving palong, jigs, and shaking tables to recover cassiterite (SnO2). By combining flowrate and chemical grade data through X-ray fluorescence (XRF) analysis and mass balance calculations, the research identifies significant inefficiencies in the processing circuit, particularly in feed distribution and recovery. The jig units show an imbalance, with Jig 2 handling over 140 times more tin than Jig 1, indicating poor feed control and underutilization of capacity. Additionally, the shaking table produces low-grade concentrates with recoverable tin, representing a major loss. Based on these findings, optimization strategies are proposed, including rebalancing the feed, introducing pre-classification, and retrofitting the system with centrifugal concentrators to recover fine tin from middlings. These strategies, supported by evidence from similar operations in Southeast Asia and Africa, are expected to improve sustainability, recovery rates, and economic performance in alluvial tin processing.
A study on the potential of tin recovery from iron ore tailing
(2022-07-01)
Johar, Muhammad Faris Zamir
The iron ore tailings sample was obtained from an iron processing plant in Bukit Kachi Mine, Kedah. The goal of this study is to characterise and process the tin in iron ore tailings. The method research has been divided into two parts: characterization and processing. The mode of occurrences, grain size, mineral distribution, and liberation analysis assessment were studied using an optical microscope, polarising microscope, and scanning electron microscope (SEM). X-ray fluorescence (XRF) and X-ray diffraction were used to determine the chemical composition of the sample (XRD). The Tin Fluorescence test was used to confirm the presence of tin in the concentrate using light colour spectrum. For the processing method, an iron ore tailings sample undergone comminution process for mineral liberation before gravity separation using the Mozley table. According to SEM analysis, mineral liberation began to give a liberated sign at a size fraction of (-1mm +0.5mm). According to the particle size distribution analysis, 50% of the samples have a size less than 1.1mm and 30% of the samples have a size greater than 1.1mm. According to the findings, the Mozley table separation can improve tin recovery from 0 percent Sn to 4.05% percent Sn. Tin Fluorescence testing revealed the presence of tin in concentrate samples, where the blue colour flame can clearly observe after the test tube dipped with the tin ion solution. In conclusion, tin minerals had been characterized and Mozley table still not suitable for tin recovery in iron ore tailing as the recovery is very low.
Acid based accounting (aba) for acid mine drainage prediction
(2022-08-19)
Wu, Chuen Li
In these recent years, acid mine drainage becoming serious in Malaysia. For example, in Pahang, there are 3 abandoned mine site that is water bodies already acidic. This study is aimed to investigate the acid mine drainage potential and characterization of the gold mine tailing from Kelantan, Tanah Merah gold mine.The sample Vat leaching (VL) and Heap leaching (HL) tailing are analyzed for potential Acid Mine Drainage (AMD) production. The samples were inspected by visual observation, analyzed by X-ray Diffraction (XRD), X-ray Fluorescence (XRF) and Carbon Hydrogen Nitrogen sulfur analyzer (CHNS). For the static test, Acid Based Accounting (ABA) test and Net Acid Generation (NAG) with Paste Ph was done. From ABA, the result of Neutralizing Potential (NP) is obtained and subtracted with Acid Potential (AP) to get the value of Net Neutralizing Potential (NNP). The kinetic test is a batch reactor test. The finding of the project is VL, and HL samples are non-acid mine drainage production. The limitation of the project would be, for the determination of NAG, the temperature required is difficult to maintain at steady state for a long time, and in the determination of Neutralizing potential, using solely fizz rating to estimate required amount of HCl is not really satisfied. In future study regarding the gold tailing, study might can focus on doing on comparing result of the tailing samples with the different static test, to see how different method gives different values, and finding on reason that the solution of HL was red yellowish.
Alkaline treatment of 3d printed ti-al-v alloy for bioactivity surface modificatio
(2022-08-19)
Mohd Azman, ‘Aisyah Mardhiah
Ti6Al4V alloy has low bioactivity and surface treatment could improve its bioactivity. However, Ti6Al4V alloy manufactured by 3D printing has very fine microstructure compared to conventional manufacturing method.Thus, the aim of this work is to investigate the feasibility of modifying the surface of 3D printing Ti6Al4V alloy using NaOH alkaline treatment. . 3D printed Ti6Al4V alloy manufactured by 3D Gens Sdn Bhd in disc shape were soaked in 10M sodium hydroxide (NaOH) at 60ºC for 24hrs. Post heat treatment was applied to observe heating temperature affect upon the alkaline treated alloy at 200ºC, 400ºC, 600ºC and 800ºC. The X-Ray diffraction shows the presence of amorphous titanate layer after immersion in NaOH . The titanate was observed at 200ºC with the formation of rutile TiO2 after heat treatment at 800ºC. Morphology observation under Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM) and elemental analysis indicate the deposition of titanate layer when heat treated with high temperature. The bioactivity of sample alkaline-heat treated at 200°C was investigated through immersion in Hank’s solution for 7 days trace 0.34wt% of Ca on alloy surfaces. The surface roughness of the sample after heat treatment was analysed using AFM where sample treated with 800ºC exhibit the highest surface roughness and alkali-heat treated at 200ºC has the lowest surface roughness. The wettability of the sample was tested by recording the contact angle of the sample with droplet of ultrasonic water where sample after alkaline treatment has the lowest value indicating it has the highest hydrophilic properties. The findings suggests that lower temperature after alkaline soaking is required to prevent phase transformation of sodium titanate layer during the post heat treatment so that high sodium titanate layer can form higher appetite layer on the surface alloy.
Alkaline treatment of 3D printed TI-AL-V alloy for bioactivity surface modification
(2022-08-01)
Mohd Azman, ‘Aisyah Mardhiah
Ti6Al4V alloy has low bioactivity and surface treatment could improve its bioactivity. However, Ti6Al4V alloy manufactured by 3D printing has very fine microstructure compared to conventional manufacturing method.Thus, the aim of this work is to investigate the feasibility of modifying the surface of 3D printing Ti6Al4V alloy using NaOH alkaline treatment. . 3D printed Ti6Al4V alloy manufactured by 3D Gens Sdn Bhd in disc shape were soaked in 10M sodium hydroxide (NaOH) at 60ºC for 24hrs. Post heat treatment was applied to observe heating temperature affect upon the alkaline treated alloy at 200ºC, 400ºC, 600ºC and 800ºC. The X-Ray diffraction shows the presence of amorphous titanate layer after immersion in NaOH . The titanate was observed at 200ºC with the formation of rutile TiO2 after heat treatment at 800ºC. Morphology observation under Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM) and elemental analysis indicate the deposition of titanate layer when heat treated with high temperature. The bioactivity of sample alkaline-heat treated at 200°C was investigated through immersion in Hank’s solution for 7 days trace 0.34wt% of Ca on alloy surfaces. The surface roughness of the sample after heat treatment was analysed using AFM where sample treated with 800ºC exhibit the highest surface roughness and alkali-heat treated at 200ºC has the lowest surface roughness. The wettability of the sample was tested by recording the contact angle of the sample with droplet of ultrasonic water where sample after alkaline treatment has the lowest value indicating it has the highest hydrophilic properties. The findings suggests that lower temperature after alkaline soaking is required to prevent phase transformation of sodium titanate layer during the post heat treatment so that high sodium titanate layer can form higher appetite layer on the surface alloy.
Aluminium pollution in sediment of perai river, Penang
(2022-08-01)
Azlan Shah, Siti Nuraqilah
For centuries, rivers provide various kinds of utilization components to humans. Development activities through discharge of effluents from different anthropogenic sources deteriorate the water quality and health aquatic ecosystem. The present study was conducted to determine the aluminium pollution in sediments of Perai river, Penang and its potential sources since there has been several news of irresponsible parties that dump their waste into the river. A total of 22 samples (11 samples for each month of February and April) is collected. Aluminium and other heavy metals were analyzed by using Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometry (ICP-OES) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). It is found that aluminium concentrations are higher during dry season than wet season due to the water dilution during rainy seasons. The results will be more concrete if there are samples collected at the potential sources. These results are very crucial to understand the aluminium pollution in Perai river based on heavy metals and the effects towards human health and environment.
Ammoniacal cyanide leaching of complex gold ore
(2022-08-17)
Merdan, Fathin Atiqa
The gold ore samples obtained in this study were exposed to ammonia cyanidation leaching at different levels of ammonia (NH3) and sodium cyanide (NaCN) reagents in gold and copper extractors. Mineral characterization of gold ore samples was carried out to identify mineral correlation, mineral composition, and mineral phase through XRD and XRF analysis. The 'bottle roll' test method is used to obtain basic information about the solubility of certain Au-bearing ores. The primary effects and interactions of NH3 and NaCN are shown in the ammonia cyanide system using a 'Full Factorial' experimental design. NH3 and NaCN concentrations have been statistically proven to be the main determinants affecting goldextractability. The amount of gold obtained from the fire test technique is 2.762 mg/L. The largest yield using the ammonia leaching technique to determine free gold in gold ore samples was 2.625 mg/L using 3000 ppm cyanide, and 1000 ppm ammonia. Therefore, it can be concluded that ammonia leaching solvent can increase the release of high gold particles with high consumption of cyanide and ammonia.
An experimental study on fluid- structure interaction of bubbles in the blown film process
(2025-08)
Nur Yasmin Qhairiesha binti Kamarul Asri
The study presents an experimental investigation on the fluid-structure interaction (FSI) of the bubbles within the blown film extrusion process, with a particular focus on the bubble dynamics. The main goal is to comprehend the complex interaction between the molten polymer and the expanding air bubble. Key objectives include simulating airflow forces that affect bubble expansion and cooling. Next, to evaluate heat transfer effect and mechanical properties through experimental study. It will also investigate the effect of process parameters such as blower speed and air compressor angle on bubble behaviour and film quality. High-Density Polyethylene (HDPE) are used in the study. Recycled HDPEs are methodically added to a mixing ratio of 9:1, 8:2 and 7:3 (HDPE: Recycled HDPE). Blown film extrusion, compression moulding, and several characterization methods such as FTIR Spectroscopy, Tensile Testing (ASTM D882), Thermal Imaging, Cone and Plate Rheometer and Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) are all a part of the process. Results show that thermal and oxidative degradation during recycling has causes inherent property being compromised in recycled HDPE. It shows lower melting temperature, decrease in crystalline and changed in rheological behavior. Obtained more complex viscosity and increased in viscous dissipation as compared to HDPE. It was discussed that process variable such as blower speed and air compressor angle had a significant impact on the final film thickness, lay-flat width, bubble stability and cooling efficiency. For applications like plastic bags, the 8:2 mixing ratio provides to be an ideal choice for mixing ratio for sustainable materials and functionality.
Analysis of discoloration and high accelerated testing of optical materials in led-based products
(2024-08-01)
Lim Fang Li
The increasing demand for LED-based products highlights the importance to address the issue of discoloration in silicone encapsulants due to photodegradation and thermal aging. This research aims to mitigate these degradation phenomena by synthesizing iron-doped titanium dioxide (Fe/TiO2) particles using the sol-gel method, with varying parameters such as the molar ratio of Fe/TTIP, pH, and calcination temperature. The optimal Fe/TiO2 particles selected based on their ability to suppress photocatalytic activity, were incorporated into RTV silicone films via spin coating on polycarbonate substrates. Photodegradation of methylene blue was employed to evaluate the efficiency of the synthesized particles, and weathering test assessed the chromaticity and surface properties of the silicone films. Characterization techniques including FTIR, XRD, SEM, EDX, UV-Vis spectroscopy, colorimetry, optical microscopy, and thermogravimetric analysis were used to analyze the properties of the Fe/TiO2 particles and silicone films. After 500 hours of weathering, the findings revealed that silicone with 7.5% pH 5 500 ºC Fe/TiO2 film had the lowest degree of yellowness (1.03) and total colour difference (1.22). For optical microscopy analysis, silicone with optimal Fe/TiO2 film showed more obvious defect while TGA analysis shown that commercial TiO2 had weight loss of 4.726% had better thermal stability than Fe/TiO2 (6.471%). In conclusion. incorporating Fe/TiO2 into silicone films effectively reduced photodegradation, eliminating the discoloration but commercial TiO2 have better thermal stability, thus maintaining surface uniformity.
Analysis of photocatalytic activity suppression and accelerated weathering test of silicone films with hybrid zno-tio2 for led applications
(2025-08-06)
Jerome, Kee Wei Jie
As demand for LED-based products increases, mitigating discoloration in silicone encapsulants caused by UV radiation and heat is essential. This study aims to reduce such degradation by synthesizing ZnO–TiO₂ hybrid particles via the sol-gel method, targeting suppression of TiO₂'s inherent photocatalytic activity. Key synthesis parameters including the pH of TiO₂ and ZnO sols, calcination duration, and ZnO–TiO₂ ratio were optimized to enhance performance. The best-performing hybrid formulation (TiO₂ sol pH 2, ZnO sol pH 10, 5-hour calcination) was incorporated into RTV silicone films via spin coating on polycarbonate substrates. Photocatalytic activity was evaluated using methylene blue degradation, while film durability was assessed through accelerated weathering tests measuring discoloration, surface morphology, and thickness changes. Characterization methods included UV-Vis spectroscopy, FTIR, XRD, SEM, FESEM, AFM, colorimetry, TGA, BET surface area, and zeta potential analysis. After 300 hours of UV exposure, silicone films containing the optimized hybrid particles showed the least degradation: darkening index (–0.98), yellowness index (0.61), total color difference (1.20), surface roughness increase (7.24%), and thickness reduction (11.6%). In conclusion, the incorporation of ZnO–TiO₂ hybrid particles significantly reduced photodegradation and discoloration in silicone encapsulants, improving their long-term optical and physical stability for LED applications.
Analysis of rock fragmentation at hume cement Gopeng plant, Perak based on 2d image analysis
(2024-08-01)
Amirul Syafiq Bin Mohd Noor
Blast-induced rock fragmentation affects the productivity and efficiency of downstream mining operations, including haulage, crushing, grinding, and excavation. Rock fragmentation needs to be monitored regularly to improve blast design. The study aimed to improve blasting efficiency by utilising WipFrag software analysis for fragmentation analysis following blasting. This effort aims to use image analysis to study rock fragmentation in the quarry at Hume Cement Gopeng Plant, Perak. WipFrag software is used for image analysis in fragmentation investigations. The images were taken from six different blast event. The investigation also contrasts the outcomes of a picture with a lower resolution and a more excellent resolution. In addition, the effectiveness of the analysis was evaluated by comparing the elevation of the images taken. Findings indicated that most blasts fragmented rock to a useful size, eliminating the need for additional blasting. Higher resolution images showed an increased proportion of analyzable particles, while images captured from greater heights provided a clearer view of rock distribution on the upper portion of the pile. Thus, this study demonstrates the effectiveness of WipFrag image analysis in optimizing blast design, ultimately enhancing productivity and reducing costs in mining operations
Application of drone in quarrying and mining
(2025-08-07)
Nur Durratul Ramizah binti Mohamad Damanhuri
Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), commonly referred to as drones, provide a novel way to address important issues in mining and quarrying operations, such as the ineffectiveness of conventional surveying, the serious risks to worker safety, and the difficulties in gathering high-density data for accurate analysis. This study uses drone-based photogrammetry, using unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) with high-resolution cameras for geological data collecting and analysis in an operational granite quarry. The purpose of this study is to show how drones can be effectively utilised for volumetric calculations, 3D modelling, and discontinuity analysis to evaluate slope stability. Drone was deployed to capture aerial images of the quarry site. The data were processed using Agisoft Metashape and Pix4D Mapper to generate 3D terrain models and for stockpile volume estimation. The point cloud data from Agisoft then exported into Discontinuity Set Extractor for discontinuities analysis. Discontinuities on slope faces were identified using Discontinuity Set Extractor (DSE) and further refined through CloudCompare software. The results showed that drone-based volume estimation of stockpiles and hills was highly accurate and efficient. Slope discontinuity analysis successfully highlighted potential structural hazards, proving effective for risk assessment. In conclusion, this project confirms that integrating drones with photogrammetry and geological analysis software improves operational efficiency, enhanced safety, and provides accurate, real-time data for better decision-making in mining and quarrying activities.
Application of feldspar filler on curing characteristics and physical properties of elastomeric materials
(2022-08-19)
Mohd Din, Shamin Aida
Carbon black (CB) and silica are fillers that have been widely used worldwide in the tire industry. The use of feldspar in tire manufacturing is one alternative to conventional fillers due to its cost effectiveness and sustainability. In this work, a compound of styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR) filled with carbon black (CB) and feldspar has been conducted to determine the ability of feldspar as a reinforcement filler in tire tread applications. This work has also involved investigating the effects of using different types of sulfur vulcanization systems such as conventional vulcanization systems (CV), efficient vulcanization systems (EV), and semi-efficient vulcanization systems (semi-EV) for both control and hybrid compounds. For the control compound, 40 parts per hundred rubber (pphr) of CB, Silica and Feldspar were used and for the hybrid compound, the ratio between CB and filler was 30:10, 20:20 and 10:30. Based on the results, the control compound from semi-EV system has shortscorch and cure time for the SBR-Feldspar compound. For the hybrid compound, SBR-CB-Feldspar with the high CB loading, 30 pphr has already improved the curing characteristics and physical properties of the elastomer material such as tensile strength, hardness, rebound resilience, and abrasion resistance. However, feldspar is still not on par with silica as a reinforcement filler. For hybrid filler systems with various types of elastomer materials, such as SMR-L, EPDM, NBR, and CR, the behavior of these rubbers is different in terms of curing characteristics and physical properties when compared to SBR compounds due to the original nature of the rubber involved. Feldspar may be considered as a semi-reinforcing filler and acts as anextender and softener in elastomer compounds.
Application of hallimond tube for flotability study of magnetite
(2022-10-01)
Zulkarnain, ‘Aainaa Shahirah
This project focused on studying the effect of varied parameters on recovery of magnetite. For example, pH, conditioning time, collector dosage, flotation time and maleic acid as a collector are the parameters that been study for. The optimum parameter, which gave the maximum recovery on each variable was determined. The experiment was conducted in a Hallimond tube by using sample of having 96.81% of iron oxide. Oleic acid and maleic acid were employed as collector. Based on the results obtained, it showed that oleic acid is the efficient collector for flotation of magnetite. Magnetite float better on the alkaline phase with pH of 11. Other than that, for best conditioning time, it showed that 8 minutes is the ideal time for flotation of magnetite. For the collector dosage, the results showed that the best dosage of collector was 300 g/t with maximum recovery. Furthermore, the flotation time of 8 min gave the maximum recovery of magnetite. Different collector was used which is maleic acid to investigate the performance and it showed that maleic acid has less recovery compared to oleic acid with the recovery of 39.63%.

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