Pusat Pengajian Kejuruteraan Bahan dan Sumber Mineral - Monograf

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Kegunaan karbon teraktif dan resin dalam merawat air sisa menggunakan kaedah kolum
(2004-02-01)
Chen, Chee Siung
This project deals with the heavy metal removal using activated carbon and resin. The system comprises of 3 operation units: activated carbon column, resin column and the combination of activated carbon and resin column. The manufacturing industry generates wastewater that is hazardous to the environment and living organism. Thus, the objective of the project is to develop an effective method to reduce the heavy metal content in the wastewater. The prime objective of this research is to investigate the role and efficiency of both activated carbon type “Versatec” and resin IRC 718. The source of wastewater which consists of zinc as waste by products is obtained from a glove manufacturing industry in Penang. Parameters that will be emphasized in this research are retention time, mass of activated carbon / resin, height of column and also pH. There are altogether 11 experiments that have been carried out to determine the adsorption effectiveness between activated carbon and resin on 2 different heavy metals: zinc and copper. From the research, resin IRC 718 showed the better adsorption than the activated carbon type “Versatec”. It is also clear that the adsorption of zinc by resin and activated carbon is much better compared to copper. The adsorption percentage on zinc and copper using resin IRC 718 ranges from 93.83% to 98.96%. On the other hand, adsorption by activated carbon Versatec shows a lower percentage, ranging from 79.72% to 89.45%. Experiment conducted with a combination of resin and activated carbon in a column showed 100% adsorption compared with the single unit using resin or activated carbon. Adsorption isotherm studies is also being carried out to determine the adsorptive capability of zinc and copper. A comparison is made of the adsorption capabilities of the commercial activated carbon and ion exchange resin. On conclusion, the resin and activated carbon play an important role in heavy metal adsorption from the wastewater.
Pencirian kesesuaian kaolin dari gua musang, kelantan untuk kegunaan industri kertas
(2004-03-01)
Che Halin, Dewi Suriyani
This project was carried out to investigate the characteristics of local kaolin for the paper industry. The investigation included the chemical and physical properties. Samples were taken from a few localities around Gua Musang, Kelantan. Kaolins are white raw materials, their essential constituent being fine grained white clay, which are amenable for beneficiation that make them ideal for an assortment of industrial applications. Characterization test that were conducted to all samples include particle size distribution, surface area, brightness, color, viscosity, water content and chemical composition, loss of ignition, pH. The characterizations were conducted to reviewed with respect to the uses for specific applications in paper industry. As we know, the results shown that the Gua Musang kaolin’s is not suitable for the paper industry. So that, beneficiation through new delamination techniques is the special process to improve the properties of kaolin. Delamination is a process where a large kaolinite stack is separated into several thin large diameter plates. The process involves the high shear agitation of a kaolin slurry wit pellets at optimum pulp density.
Kaitan antara perundangan kuari dengan industri pengkuarian
(2004-03-01)
Zainon Najib, Nor Wahidatul Azura
Laws, rules and procedures being practised in the quarrying industry in various forms where their enforcements on a whole are necessary for the efficient and safe operations of the quarrying industry. The aim of the project is to relate the quarry operation with the quarry rules such as Perak Quarry Rules 1992, Explosives Act 1957, Environmental Quality Act 1974 and various other related at acts. Among their aspects that were included are the effects before and after the quarry legislation being enforced. Other than that, problems arise from the quarry legislation are discussed and the recommendations made to solve the problem. It is being concluded that the quarry legislation give positive impact to the quarrying industry and it has to be enforced to guarantee efficient and safe quarrying operation.
Keselamatan dan kesihatan di sebuah kuari
(2004-03-01)
Jita, Japalan
Quarrying involved variety of activities that need to pay attention to the health and safety that involved manager, workers and the other person at the quarry, and the public. The aim of this project is to study about the occupational health and safety at a quarry. Other aspect that will be studied is that related to the source, effect, monitoring and the ways to prevent and to control the common accident and disease that occur at a quarry. This report is to summarize about the study that have been done about the cases that involved occupational safety and health at a quarry. Among those covered that will be are the ways of the safety and handling of the explosives and blasting, loading, controlling of the fly rock, monitoring of the dust, noise, etc.
Kajian kesan saiz partikel alumina dan tempoh pengadukan ke atas sifat-sifat fizikal krusibel alumina yang dihasilkan menggunakan kaedah tuangan gel
(2004-03-01)
Mohamed Khalib, Rosfariza
Gel casting is a new forming method that not used widely. Gel casting is a process, which involved mixing organic monomer solution with ceramic powder slurry and then poured into the mold. In this process, monomer solution is polymerized by in situ process to form solid gel that bonds the ceramic powder particles. In this experiment, Particle size and mixing time will effect properties of alumina crucible. Alumina (Al2O3) crucible have been gel cast using five kinds of alumina with different particle size and two from that kinds of alumina have been gel cast using different mixing time. Five different alumina powder with various size has been study including Alumina Metco 105SFP, Alumina 001306, Alumina Metkon with size 0.05 μm, 0.3 μm and 1.0 μm. Each batch of slurry has been prepared for each particle sizes depend on the percentages of solid loading. After sintering process, some characterization testing is done such as linear shrinkage, density, permeablelity and microstructure studied. From the study, we can make a conclusion that alumina powder alumina Metco 105SFP can give the optimum result compare to other sizes. The optimum percentage of solid loading for this powder is 50%. Gel casting method also can produce the though complex shape body without collapse. The effect of particle size and mixing time on gel casting process and properties of alumina crucible have been investigated, including process parameters affecting homogeneous green microstructure. The cast able solid loading of each starting materials, Alumina Metco 105SFP-50, 001306-30, Metkon 1.0 μm-38, Metkon 0.3 μm-39 and Metkon 0.05 μm-15 vol.%, respectively. The contents of monomer added in slurry were 20 wt%, respectively and dimmer (cross-linker) of 2 wt% was added in all slurry. The effect of starting materials, especially particle size, has been analyzed through microstructural analysis and green density. And for mixing time has been analysis through microstructural analysis. Microstructural analysis revealed that the size and distribution of pores in the green body was radically reduced with decreasing particle size. The optimum mixing time based on the microstructural analysis was 8 hour.
Kajian pengaruh saiz partikel alumina terhadap sifat sifat komposit matriks logam aluminium yang diperkuatkan dengan partikel alumina dihasilkan melalui kaedah metalurgi serbuk
(2004-03-01)
Seow, Eng Heng
Development of MMC in aerospace application attract more researcher focus find the way to improve mechanical properties and anisotropic. The distribution of particulate reinforcement will give effect to the mechanical properties. MMC reinforced with reinforcement particulate phase will solve the problem of anisotropic properties for MMC. Composite Al-Al2O3 use in this research. Reinforcement Al2O3 used because stable and inert with aluminium. Powder metallugy route use to produced component composite. Component powder composite mixes in ball mixer at 8 hour. Compacting pressure 250 Mpa and sintered at 600 ˚C in 5 hours. MMC samples prepared by 10 w t% Al2O3. Effect of various particulate size (0.3 μm, 1.0 μm, 3.0 μm, 12.5 μm, 25.0 μm) on the morphology at the composite surface observed by SEM. Distribution particulate more homogenous for larger size of particle. Particle size alumina 1.0 μm has density value and mechanical properties more smaller than other size. Size 25.0 μm has the smallest hardness, wear resistance and flexual strength value. Size 0.3 μm has the highest result for density, hardness, modulus sonic, coefficient thermal expantion, wear resistance and flexual strength but has small value for modulus elastic.
Pengoptimuman dan keberkesanan pengisaran rutil dengan menggunakan pengisar jet
(2004-03-01)
Teoh, Prakash
Synthetic rutile is the new alternative method to manufacture pigment in the painting industry. Synthetic rutile are ground to produce pigments. The usage of jet mill will help to produce finer products. A research was conducted to study the performance of the jet mill in grinding synthetic rutile. The parameter which was carried out for the test for feed rate at 1.5kg/h, 4.0kg/h, 5.1kg/h and 7.8 kg/h and classifier speed were 6000 rpm, 9000 rpm, 12000 rpm and 15000 rpm were used in the test work. The grinding pressure for the process was set at 3 bars, 4 bars, 5 bars and 6 bars. Analysis of the ground products showed that the finer products was produced at feed rate of 4kg/h, grinding pressure 4 bars and a feed rate of 12000 rpm. The top size of the products, d50 are at 0.81µm. Analysis of weight percentage for fluidized bed showed positive patterns. The distribution of particle in a grinder showed that it was finer compared to feed but it is coarser then the product. Characteristization analysis compromising XRF, XRD and SEM tests is carried out to determine the existence element in rutile. XRF analysis showed that 92% of the feed composition contained titanium dioxide while the XRD test showed the existences of Fe, Ti and O3. Morphology test showed that rutile has sharp edges, smooth surfaces were elongated and flaky.
Pengelasan mineralogi dan kimia bagi lempung dari sarawak barat, malaysia untuk kegunaan dalam industri jubin di Malaysia
(2004-03-01)
Abdul Rahman, Hazrina
This study is carried out in order to make a chemical and mineralogy classification of kaolin and also to determine the physical properties and firing properties of clay for the use in the Malaysian tile industry. Five samples have been taken from four places of West Sarawak which including Kampung Sebangkoi, Jaong, Telaga Air and Kampung Keranji-Serayan (2 samples). In order to achieve the objective of the study, some characterization analysis has been conducted to the samples which can be divided into the mineralogy and chemical study which including, x-ray analysis, determination of morphology, particle size analysis, pH test, determination of loss of ignition contents and moisture contents. For physical study, the study for specific gravity, plasticity index and observations of the raw samples colour has been carried out. The study also conducted to the firing samples to determine the shrinkage, strength, porosity, water adsorption and bulk density of the body. From the study, the phase of mineral exists is almost the same which contains kaolinite, illite, mica and quartz. The contents of the oxides is also the same but different in the amount. The flaky morphology can be observed under the scanning electron microscopy. For the particles size distribution, all of the samples is very fine with more than 40% of the particles are less than two micron in size except for the sample from Jaong. Therefore, the plasticity index for the sample from Jaong is also low. For firing body, when the shrinkage increases, the porosity and the water adsorption rates is low. However, the bulk density will arise. The strength will be increases with the increasing of the firing temperature. The color of the body also will change to become brighter with the increasing of the firing temperature. After compared with the LORENZ specifications, not any of the samples is matching with all the specifications required. However, it is also some of the parameter is fulfilled. From the result obtained, it is suggested that the sample from Kampung Keranji-Serayan (B) is the most suitable as a raw materials in tile industry.
Kesan peningkatan suhu terhadap pembentukan titanium silisida
(2005-03-01)
Balakrishnan, Prakash Babu
The purpose of this research is to study the effect of temperature increases subjected to titanium silicide(TiSi2) formation. This study is based on the comparison of thickness sheet resistance and grain size of titanium silicide with temperatures increases. The relation between the sheet resistance with the grain size and the phases present in various temperature also studied in this project. The titanium silicide formed through the depositon of the titanium on the silicon by magnetron sputtering and followed by the two step of anneling (pre and post annealing) within the temperature range 400-1100 oC for 10 minutes. Three types of characteristic carried out in this study are X-ray diffraction (XRD) to determine the presences of titanium silicide phases, scanning electron microscope (SEM) to obtain the the microstructure of the titanium silicide and four point probe todetermine the sheet resistance of titanium silicide which formed in various annealing temperatures. However, the expected results, the formation of TiSi2 didn’t obtained because of the oxygen’s influence in titanium silicide formation. Generally the thickness and grain size of the formed silicide increasse when the annealing temperature increase. But the sheet resistance of the silicide film was decrease when the temperature increases. Various phase of titanium silicide formed in differrent annealing temperature in the range of 400-800 oC, such as TiSi, Ti5Si3 and TiSi2. Besides the the titanium silicide phases, other type of phases also presents, such as oxides of titanium and silicon.
Penggunaan konduktif terma poliuretana sebagai bahan terma antaramuka yang mungkin
(2005-03-01)
Wong, Yoke Pei
The possibility of using polyurethane as the matrix of a thermal interface material (TIM) was investigated. The effect of different kinds of filler and various filler loading on the characteristic of the TIMs also investigated. In this study, alumina, aluminium nitrate and silicon carbide were used as reinforcements in polyurethane matrix. The thermal and mechanical properties were evaluated. The results show that further increase of the filler content increases the thermal conductivity of the TIMs where the sample with 30 volume percent of filler poses higher thermal conductivity than those of 25, 20, 10, 5 and 0 volume percent. As expected, the thermal conductivity is governed by the number of conductive networks between the fillers. Here, the thermal stability of TIMs improved with the addition of filler. Thermogravimetry Analyzer (TGA), Thermal Cycle Testing and the Hardness Test after thermal cycle testing had proved this. The Thermo mechanical analyzer (TMA) showed that CTE of the material decreases by increasing filler contents. From the micrograph of the SEM (Scanning Electron Microscope), found that the filler are distributed uniformly inside the matrix and the adhesion and wetability of the filler with the matrix (Polyurethane) are good. Meanwhile, Dynamic Mechanical Analysis (DMA) show that the storage modulus of the samples was increase with increases of filler content but it is stabile in the service temperature. The phase angle Tan D of the samples decrease with increases of filler content. Therefore, thermally conductive polyurethane can used as the TIM material.
Kajian penghasilan teras seramik berliang dan system perekat dalam struktur sandwic
(2005-03-01)
Rahmat, Mohd Hafiz
Porous ceramic has a great potential to advance in the field of medical, water and air filter and refractory. However, the low strength property often limited the usage of porous ceramic in certain application. The combination of porous ceramic with the metal layer bonded with adhesive to form a sandwich structure can be used as light building materials. This research involved three phases that is the production of porous ceramic, identification ratio of epoxy to hardener and determination of the correct amount of adhesive usage. In the first phase, porous ceramic was produce by using the polymer sponge technique. Ceramic slurry was prepared by mixing the porcelain powder with distilled water at 40 to 50 % solid loading content. The sponge was dipped into the ceramic slurry and the excess slurry was removed. The dipped sponge was dried for one day at 100 oC before sent to sintering at 1250 oC. Porous ceramic produced was based on Archimedes and strength test. The second phase involved mixing epoxy with hardener at 45 to 55 % weight ratio to produce adhesive, visual inspection and viscosity determination by drop test. The third phase was to apply the adhesive to porous ceramic with 4 to 12 g amount. The tear, shear stress and Modulus of Rupture (MOR) test were conduct to observe the adhesive bonding. Result obtained from the first phase indicated the 45 % of solid loading was the suitable composition to produce porous ceramic. Porous ceramic inhibit 58 to 81 % of apparent porosity with bulk density range from 0.5 to 0.8 g/cm3. Compression strength was recorded between 1.01 to 2.01 MPa. The bulk density and compression strength of porous ceramic produced proportional to the solid loading contents. The drop test in second phase indicated the drop rate increased with the amount of epoxy. From the observation, the ratio of 50 % epoxy gave the better drop rate. The third phase, the tear test showed 8 g adhesive gave the excellent property. The value of stress strength was obtained in the range from 0.01 to 0.04 MPa, while strain strength was recorded in range 2.4 to 8.4. The result of three bend test showed that the yield stress in range of 0.025 to 0.038 MPa. As the overall, 45 % solid loading with excellent property can be applied for porous ceramic core. The ratio of 50 % epoxy were the best mixing adhesive and the use 8 g adhesive where suitable for stick sandwich structure with excellent strength.
Pengaruh bahan tambah metakaolin sebagai bahan pengganti dalam peresapan ion klorida dalam mortar
(2005-03-01)
Mohd Zain, Mohd Norhanizan
This study is done to define chloride ions absorbtion coefficient rate which is going through the mortar. Main factor studied was the effect of metakaolin addition with different composition on the chloride ion absorbtion in mortar. 4 samples is tested where one sample is not added with metakaolin while another three samples is added with metakaolin with different composition that is 12.5%, 20% dan 27.5%. Chosen methods was faster method by using electric field. This method is more practical because shorter time is needed compared to the soaking method. A part of the chloride ion which is going through the mortar is absorbed by the gel produced from the mortar hydrating process. Chloride bonding processes will effluence the speed of chloride ion absorbtion into the mortar layer. This will reduced the effective absorbtion coefficient. In this project water:cement ratio is fixed at a value of 0.55 and cement:aggregate is 1:2. This is to ensure those factors will not effluence the absorbtion rate. Another tests which has been done were compressive strength test and density test. With addition of metacaolin, the chloride ion absorbtion coefficient is reduced from6.29 x 10-8 to 2.41 x 10-8 for NernsPlank and for Einstein the value is reduced from 12.2 x 10-8 to 4.42 x 10-8. The decreasing of the chloride ions absorbtion coefficient is for the composition which is not added with metakaolin and for the sample with 27.5% metakaolin.
Kesan gegaran bumi dan ledakan udara terhadap alam sekitar akibat daripada aktiviti peletupan
(2005-03-01)
Tan, Lai Tee
Our country development pace has reached a stage whereby the quarry operators must improve it operational efficiency in the excavation of rocks due to constraint posed by the environmental requirement and the authority. The most important activities in the excavation operation in quarrying are drilling and blasting where the environmental impacts posed are ground vibration, noise, fly rock, dust and gases. So this project would emphasis the effect of ground vibration and noise on the environment pertaining by granite quarry operators. The objectives of this project are to observe the usage and handling explosive at the quarry and to determine the related field coefficients for the calculation of ground vibration which result from blasting activities. Data from the quarry operator and the vibration level are measured by using blastmate and blastronic. The ground vibration is low where the site constant of β=1.5323 and k=525.9. The average observed noise level of 110.93 dBL is also low comparing to the standard level determined by the authorities. Even though the operating quarry followed all the laws and regulations required but still chances of environmental impacts are there. As there is no way to prevent it so the best way is to control and minimize the level of the environmental impacts. These can be done perfectly with the cooperation of all the parties that involved.
Kesan penambahan sno2 terhadap bahan ferroelektrik baru bati2o5 melalui kaedah tindak balas pepejal
(2005-03-01)
Amir, Amalina
Kajian ini bertujuan untuk menghasilkan seramik BaTi2O5 melalui tindakbalas kaedah pepejal. Tumpuan diberikan kepada kesan penambahan SnO2 dan suhu pembakaran untuk menstabilkan BaTi2O5. Perubahan fizikal, mikrostuktur dan sifat elektrik yang berlaku akibat daripada penambahan SnO2 dikaji untuk memahami sifat ferroelektik BaTi2O5 dengan lebih mendalam lagi.
Penghasilan kaca dari abu kayu mangga
(2005-03-01)
Saidin, Salina
An innovative glass based on aluminosilicate system, SiO2-Al2O3-Na2O-CaO was produced of using mango wood ash as part the principal source of calcium oxide, CaO. Mango wood ash burning by dried mango chips in closed system at 10000C for 40 minutes soaking time. XRD analysis showed that the ash produced is high in CaO and XRF analysis confirmed that the CaO content in the wood ash is 71 weight %. Particle size distribution and DSC/TG analysis were also conducted on the ash. A local silica sand was processed by washing, scrubbing and magnetic separation to separate out the impurities before being used in the glass composition to supply the SiO2 requirement. The batch composition was calculated before melting the glass at 15000C for 5 hours soaking duration. A clear and bubble-free glass is successfully produced. Density and hardness (Vickers) tests conducted on the glass gave values of 2.64 g/cm3 and 617.3 HV respectively. Subsequently heat treatment on the glass at 8900C (nucleation) for 1 hour followed by 9100C (crystal growth) for 5 hours has also successfully produced a glass ceramic. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) was used to analysis the morphology and size of the crystals produced.
Optimization of zeolite as filler in polypropylene composite
(2009-05-01)
Mohd Zaharri, Nur Diyana
Optimization of natural zeolite as filler in polypropylene composite was studied. Two types of coupling agents which are stearic acid and vinyl silane were used in order to study the effect of filler surface treatment on the composite mechanical properties. Prior to mixing process, zeolite was grinded by ring mill into a powder form. Zeolite/polypropylene (PPZ), stearic acid treated zeolite/polypropylene (PPZ SA) and vinyl silane treated zeolite/polypropylene composites (PPZ VS) were prepared using Thermo Haake Polydrive internal mixer and were then compression molded according to standard test specimen. Torque-time curves were plotted to investigate the processing behavior of the composites. The torque value increased with increasing zeolite content from 5 vol. % to 25 vol. % but decreased with the presence of the coupling agents in PPZ composite. Tensile test and impact test were performed to characterize the mechanical properties of PPZ, PPZ SA and also PPZ VS. The obtained experimental values of tensile modulus were then related to the theoretical predictions using a Halpin Tsai equation. The theoretical prediction results in greater values of tensile modulus compared to the experimental values. Fourier Transform Infra red (FTIR) spectra analyses were performed on the composites to study the interaction between the polypropylene and functional group of stearic acid and vinyl silane. Besides, morphological study was done on the tensile fractured surface using a scanning electron microscopy (SEM). It was found that the tensile strength (TS), elongation at break (EAB) and impact strength (IS) decreased but the tensile modulus (E) increased with increasing zeolite content. The addition of coupling agents was proved to enhance the mechanical properties of PPZ. However, stearic acid has little effect in improving the composite mechanical properties in comparison with vinyl silane.
Kajian faktor masa dalam pemprosesan pelet bagi bijih hematit dan magnetit menggunakan peridur sebagai pengikat
(2009-05-01)
Amaruddin, Muhamad Jamil
This project was conducted to analyze or to characterize the iron ore pellet and the effect of time in the iron ore pelletizing pocessing. The sampel of iron ore was taken from a mining company and they are KSG resourcess Sdn.Bhd. This iron ore was devided into two types, hematite ore and magnetite ore. To achieved the processing of the pelletizing of iron ore, the iron ore sample must liberate into the cominution processing. Cominution is a crushing and grinding process to liberate the interlock economic mineral from the gauge mineral. The preparation of the sample also included sazing prosess and consentration process for pelletizing of iron ore. The iron ore sample was the high grade sample (60%-67% Fe), so the concentration process was not available into this project. The sample was crushed and grinded into the 75µm and 45µm size where 75µm was used into the XRF and wet analysis and 45µm size sample was used for the pelletizing of iron ore. In this project, peridur was used as the binder for the pelletizing process. After finished the pelletizing process, the sample was dried and fired into the oven and furnace. The function of dried process was, to released the moisture content such as water from the pellet and fired process are to fired the binder. There are so many types of methods and testing to study the the effect of time in pelletizing process such as drop test, compressive strength test, tumble and abrasion test.The higher values for the drop test are 24 for magnetite and 7 for hematite. The higher value for compressive strength are 1.9kN for magnetite and 1.4kN for hematite. The higher value come from the 30 minute pelletizing operation.
Soil erosion - highway Simpang Pulai to Kuala Berang, Phase 6 - aring to Tasik Kenyir
(2009-05-01)
Abd Rahman, Abd Hanif
Soil erosion is a natural process, occurring which involving detachment and transport of soil from their original location due by water and wind under the influence of gravity and will occur when the rainfall intensity exceeds the infiltration rate of the disturbed soil at the site which involving multitude of factors. In particular, this project report was discussed about the factors influences the rate of erosion at slope along the Phase 6(Aring to Tasik Kenyir). This project is a part of projects highway which stretches 315 km from Simpang Pulai to Kuala Berang. In soil erosion, the factors that can affect to erosion rated such as rainfall intensities, soil erodibility, slope length, slope steepness and slope condition. For determine the rate of erosion, the method used is Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE) method. There are six parameters that be used in this method for determining erosion rated. This technique is produced by the data from information and experience that was accumulated under the certain situation. As a result, from the parameters that were analyzed, show the only rainfall parameter that can increases the rates of erosion as rainfall intensity increases without any deflection of graph even though found there are different of value from other parameters for slope samples in influencing erosion rate. This project has proved that rainfall intensity could effectively and consistent compared to other parameters in influences increment of rate of erosion.
Synthesis and characterization of niobia doped yttria stabilized zirconia thin film
(2009-05-01)
Tan, Wan Cheng
Semiconductive niobia-doped yttrium stabilized zirconia (Nb2O5-Y2O3-ZrO2) thin film in tetragonal phase was synthesized through a chemical route. When study about the effect of niobium doping in improving the electronics conductivity of the thin film was carried out. The homogeneous, minimum pinholes and cracks Nb2O5-Y2O3-ZrO2 thin films were synthesized by a low cost, low processing temperature, easy coating and versatile doping method. Sol-gel method was performed in this research to produce Nb2O5-Y2O3-ZrO2 thin films. Precursor solution was prepared from a mixture of zirconium n-propoxide (Zr(OC3H7)4), n-propanol, yttrium (III) isopropoxide (Y(OC3H7)3), toluene, niobium (V) ethoxide (Nb(OC2H5)5) and absolute ethanol. Acetic acid and acetylacetone were used as chelating agents, whereas nitric acid and HCl were used as catalysts for the precursor solution. The effect of synthesis amount, deionised (DI) water amount and annealing temperature on the samples were investigated. The samples were characterized using scanning electron microscope (SEM), energy dispersive spectrometer (EDS), x-ray diffraction techniques (XRD), ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy (UV-Vis) and thermo gravimetric/ differential thermal analysis (TG/DTA). The presence of chelating agents and catalysts altered the process of the hydrolysis and condensation reactions. Further addition of DI water enhanced the reactions in the sol. The optical bandgap of niobia-doped YSZ thin film was greatly improved (1.25 eV) and was lower than the optical bandgap of zirconia thin film (4.29 eV).
Measurement of thermoset cure properties withan in-house constructed rheometer usingreal time data analysis developed in visual basic
(2009-05-01)
Pereira, Paul Andrew
Thermoset polymers have found great use and application in today’s society in critical ways. They are paramount to the fields of structural adhesives, integrated circuit components, engineering and various strength dependent aerospace applications. The make or break period which makes a thermosetting polymer effective in its application is none other than its curing period in which the polymer networks chemically and imparts strength through chemical bonding. It is crucial then for researchers needing to develop and study thermosets to be able to adequately characterize the curing duration of the resin before industrial and commercial use. This capability is also needed when quality control (QC) engineers need to make changes to their compounding on the fly when on the production line. To properly characterize the curing systems of epoxy resins and thermosetting polymers, rheological studies have to be conducted to determine critical cure parameters. This is usually conducted using customized commercial rheometers such as oscillating rheometers, having geometries specifically designed to cater to thermoset polymers. However, the costs of such rheometers in the current market climb from RM70, 000 to much higher values. It is also apparent that such rheometers are closed in terms of expandability, and further development on them by the end user would require expensive upgrades and servicing. In view of this and in regard to the astronomical costs needed to characterize the cure of polymers, a local, Malaysian made rheometer is needed that is affordable, easy to use, expandable and well constructed to reduce the dependency the local industry and academia has on foreign instruments and to promote the utilization of local expertise as well as to contribute to the Malaysian industries especially in the rubber processing and semiconductor die-packaging industries. Constructing therheometer is not the biggest problem that local researchers face but rather developing it to perform the critical tasks that are required of it. This involves the construction of a software platform that is in tune with the engineering needs of polymer rheology. Universiti Sains Malaysia researchers have developed such a rheometer and computer aided analytical platform. It was found that the analytical software tool developed meets the performance requirements that were set out for it in the beginning. The tool was able to acquire a cure profile for polymers, refine the rheometer curve, analyze the curve with complex algorithms and deliver critical curing data and viscosity information for the polymers tested. The basis of the knowledge required to complete this project was widespread and required knowledge of Polymer Rheology, Process Control, and Programming for Engineers; all of which are core subjects that are already being taught to Universiti Sains Malaysia Polymer Engineering undergraduates. This thesis intends to review and demonstrate this effort that has been conducted by Malaysian researchers from Universiti Sains Malaysia to build and construct this rheometer computer aided platform tool, which can wholly be called ‘Malaysian Made’. Secondarily, it aims to demonstrate the efficacy of blending several pools of knowledge from different fields to enhance the research capabilities of polymer engineering in the future.

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