Pusat Pengajian Sains Kajihayat - Tesis

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Anti-Apoptotic Proteins Mcl-1 And Bcl-Xl Are Crucial For Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Cell Survival
(2022-11)
Abdul Rahman, Siti Fairus
Malaysia has one of the highest national incidences of Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) in South-East Asia. Treating patients with metastatic NPC is often a challenge as patients develop resistance to systemic anti-cancer therapies such as chemotherapy and retreating local recurrence with radiotherapy have many limitations. Hence, improved treatment strategies are needed for better patient outcome. Upregulation of the anti-apoptotic protein BCL-2 is one of the strategies that cancer cells adopt to evade cell death. Hence, these proteins have become attractive therapeutic targets. Given that different cell population rely on different anti-apoptotic proteins for survival, it is crucial to determine which proteins are important for NPC cell survival. Previous study reported that co-inhibition of BCL-2 and BCL-XL did not induce cell killing in NPC cells, which indicate that either MCL-1 or BFL-1 may play an important role in the survival the NPC cells. Given that the roles of MCL-1 and BFL-1 for NPC cell survival are under-explored, this study will primarily focus on delineating the functional roles of these two molecules for cell survival using gene editing and pharmacological approaches.
Antibacterial And Antibiofilm Activities Of Ethyl Acetate Extract Of Nigrospora Sphaerica Cl-Op30 Isolated From Swietenia Macrophylla Leaf
(2019-07)
Ahmad Mokhtar, Nur A’fina
This research was aimed to study antibacterial and antibiofilm activities of an endophytic fungus Nigrospora sphaerica CL-OP30 isolated from Swietenia macrophylla plant. Quantitative measurement of antibacterial activity revealed that this endophyte produced the highest antibacterial activity at day 12 of cultivation.
Assessing Physico-Chemical Characteristics In Relation To Water Quality And Trophic Status Indices In Puah Reservoir, Terengganu
(2025-05)
Effendi, Alyaa Filza
This study assesses the limnological and water quality characteristics of the puah reservoir at hulu terengganu hydropower station from february 2018 to february 2020. The study aimed to examine seasonal and spatial variations in water quality parameters, dissolved oxygen (do) profiles, and trophic status to support sustainable hydropower operation and aquatic ecosystem health. Sampling across seven sites within three longitudinal zones; riverine, transitional, and lacustrine, focused on fourteen key parameters, including dissolved oxygen (do), temperature, ph, conductivity, secchi depth, total suspended solids (tss), chemical oxygen demand (cod), biological oxygen demand (bod), ammoniacal nitrogen (an), nitrate (no₃⁻), nitrite (no₂⁻), total phosphorus (tp), total nitrogen (tn), and chlorophyll-a. Spatial assessments showed considerable variation across the reservoir's zones. The lacustrine zone exhibited greater water clarity (secchi depth of 2.5 m) and higher chlorophyll-a concentrations (4.2 μg/l) than the riverine zone, indicating a more eutrophic condition favorable to primary productivity. Conversely, the riverine zone recorded lower clarity and higher suspended solids (average tss of 20 mg/l) due to increased sedimentation. Temporal variations highlighted seasonal shifts, particularly between the wet and dry seasons.
Behavioural Ecology And Conservation Management Of Dusky Langurs (Trachypithecus Obscurus) In Penang, Malaysia
(2022-10)
Yap Jo Leen
In this study, the activity budget, habitat use, and diet of four habituated study groups in different habitat types in Penang were assessed to better understand how langurs behave in anthropogenic environments. This study was conducted between January 2016 and December 2019 using behavioural sampling techniques such as scan, focal sampling, vegetation plotting, home range assessment, and camera trapping.
Biodegradation Of Waste Cooking Oil And Waste Engine Oil By Locally Isolated Microfungus, Aspergillus Spp. USM-Ar1
(2022-07)
Jasme, Nurshafiqah
Large amounts of waste cooking oil and waste engine oil from residential areas and automotive industry, respectively, can impose adverse impact if not disposed off properly. Fungi have a higher tolerance to hydrocarbon toxicity due to their physiology and adaptation to the environment, subsequently equipped with the mechanism for oil utilisation. Therefore, bioremediation using fungi can be employed for waste oil reduction in the environment. In the present study, a filamentous fungus was isolated from used charcoal coated with animal fats, identified morphologically as Aspergillus sp. USM-AR1. The highest oil removal and fungal biomass of waste cooking oil in shake flasks obtained were 81.93 ± 14.22% and 81.67 ± 11.08 g/L, respectively at 144 h in a medium containing 9.83% (v/v) waste cooking oil, 1 g/L ammonium nitrate, 16.32% (v/v) NaCl, 10% (v/v) inoculum concentration and with the initial pH of 8.32 after optimisation studies.
Biosynthesis And Optimization Of P(3hb-Co-3hv-Co-4hb) Terpolymer Using Glycerine Pitch As Carbon Source
(2024-11)
Ibn, Abbas Musa
Conventional plastics have become an essential commodity that provides comfort through their applications in the packaging, medical, agricultural, and pharmaceutical industries. However, traditional plastic is recalcitrant to microbial degradation. Bioplastics like polyhydroxyalkanoates (phas) are biodegradable and biocompatible materials that have proven to be an alternative to synthetic plastics. One of the significant problems of pha biosynthesis is the cost of carbon sources, which accounts for about 40% of production costs. The use of major food-grade oils is uneconomical and unsustainable as it may limit the availability of cooking oil and trigger an increase in the price of edible oil, leading to food-feed competition. Therefore, glycerine pitch produced pha in cupriavidus malaysiensis usmaa1020 via single-stage cultivation and optimized in a 13 l bioreactor. Two other monomers were incorporated by the addition of 1,4 butanediol and 1-pentanol, resulting in the synthesis of a terpolymer consisting of 3hb, 3hv and 4hb monomers [p(3hb-co-3hv-co-4hb)]. Effects of different concentrations of glycerine pitch, 1-pentanol, 1,4 butanediol, and oleic acid were studied.
Displaying Of Green Fluorescent Protein On A Recombinant Bacteriophage Infecting Escherichia Coll Atcc 11303
(2017-03)
Ong, Jia Wei
Phage display technology allows the presentation of foreign peptides on the surface of a bacteriophage. Phage display technology is used to acquire the function of the displayed peptides which was not present on wild type bacteriophage. Using phage display technology, a recombinant phage would be constructed as a model for future manipulation. The technology was applied to display a green fluorescence protein (GFP) on tail protein of Escherichia Phage YD-2008.S to create GFP labelled recombinant bacteriophage.
Endoparasitic Infections In Wild Rats And Their Distribution Using Geographic Information System (Gis) In Penang, Malaysia
(2025-02)
Perison, Putri Wulan Dari
Wild rat species are renowned for their capacity to act as reservoir hosts and carriers of diseases. Wild rats have effectively acclimated to various ecosystems and living conditions, even thriving in urban areas. Due to the close interaction between wild rats and the community, this study aims to determine the prevalence of endoparasite infections in wild rats from penang, malaysia as well as highlight zoonotic parasitic to understand more the severity of the parasitic infections that pose a risk to the public. A total of 150 wild rats were collected from commercial areas (n=86) and residential areas (n=64) around penang island and seberang perai. The sample was collected by collaborating with the pulau pinang city council (mbpp) and seberang perai city council (mbsp). In this study, four species of wild rats collected and identified as rattus rattus (58%), rattus norvegicus (15.33%), bandicota indica (24%) and bandicota bengalensis (2.67%). The endoparasites from gastrointenal, blood and fecal was examined through necropsy, blood smear, in – vitro cultivation and fecal floatation.
Establishment Of Callus And Cell Suspension Cultures Of Artemisia Annua L. Of Mongolian Origin For The Production Of Artemisinin
(2021-11)
Khaw Mei Lin
Artemisia annua L., a medicinal plant used for centuries to treat a broad range of diseases because of its natural compound, artemisinin. However, the content of artemisinin in the plant is low, about 0.01-1.4 % of its dry weight, depending on the plant variety and subjected to environmental factors. Thus, A. annua L. plant originated from Mongolian was studied to explore a new source of plant variety as a source of artemisinin. The present study reported an optimised protocol to produce in vitro plants, induce callus, and establish the cell suspension culture of A. annua L. to produce artemisinin.
Establishment Of Callus And Cell Suspension Cultures Of Clitoria Ternatea For The Production Of Pentacyclic Triterpenoids
(2025-01)
Teoh, Siew Chin
Clitoria ternatea, or commonly known as butterfly pea, is a perennial herbaceous plant belonging to the fabaceae family. Renowned for its medicinal properties, the flowers, leaves, stems, and roots consist of a rich array of novel phytochemical compounds associated with medicinal and pharmacological properties, including pentacyclic triterpenoids particularly taraxerol and lupeol, known for their memory-enhancing properties. The current study aims to establish callus and cell suspension cultures from cotyledon explants of c. Ternatea for production of novel plant secondary metabolites associated to the mammalian neuroprotective mechanism. The in vitro cotyledon explants were subjected to callus induction and proliferation in treatments of plant growth regulators (2,4-d, naa, bap, kinetin and tdz) and sucrose concentrations (15 g/l and 30 g/l) in half-strength murashige and skoog (1962) media. The optimal proliferation media were then used for the establishment of cell suspension cultures, followed by gc-ms analysis to identify and quantify the pentacyclic triterpenoids.
Expression And Characterization Of Thermostable Lipase From Geobacillus thermodenitrificans IBRL- nra
(2019-08)
Alyaa Abdulhussein Kareem Alsaedi
In this study, the production of thermostable lipase by the G. thermodenitrificans IBRL-nra at 65°C was qualitatively determined by streaking the bacteria on Rhodamine B agar plate. Since lipases isolated from different sources exhibit diverse and umque characteristics, thermostable lipase from G. thermodenitrificans IBRL-nra was subjected for characterization to determine its properties.
Impact Of Edge Effect On Diversity And Diet Of Insectivorous Bats In Penang Island
(2021-07)
Mohamed, Mansour Saad Abulqasim
Habitat loss in Penang Island is recently rising due to the changes in the natural vegetation cover resulting from the agriculture and urbanization. The effect of edge formation has not been studied on bat population in Penang Island. The purpose of this thesis is to fill multiple research gaps related to the insectivorous bats in the forest edges of Penang Island, thereby increasing scientific understanding of how edge effects impact Paleotropical bats. First, the impact of edge effects on an insectivorous bat community composition was studied. Mist nets and harp traps were employed from January through December 2019 to record species abundance, richness and diversity in an assemblage of bats in two sites of a forest edge. The overall Shannon estimate of diversity was relatively not high (H' = 1.38), but the 13 discovered species, 15–19 estimated species and a higher capture rate (4.18/ trap-night) indicated that edge effects probably influence the diversity in Paleotropical bat assemblages. There was no difference in species diversity between dark and light sites of the edge (11 species each), but some species individually captured in one site more than the other. Second, diets of common insectivorous bat species in the studied area (Hipposideros armiger, Hipposideros kunzi, Rhinolophus affinis, Rhinolophus lepidus, Rhinolophus pusillus and Rhinolophus stheno) were examined using the fecal analysis.
In Vitro Multiplication And Plant Regeneration Of Kiwano (Cucumis Metuliferus E. Mey. Ex Naudin), A Potential Super Nutritious Fruit
(2023-06)
Lai, Chern Shun
Cucumis metuliferus is a plant of the same genus as cucumbers with spike-bearing fruits that are yellow to orange in colour. This plant originated from tropical Africa and is commonly used by native communities as food or medication. Recent studies conducted on this plant showed various positive pharmacological effects other than being a plant resistant to nematode infection. This super nutritious fruit is hardly available even though it possesses high market value. To overcome problems with availability, mass production, and quality planting materials, a reliable in vitro multiplication and regeneration protocol was established. Seed culture was successful with surface sterilization protocol of removing seed coat and swirling in 5% Clorox solution for 5 minutes. The germination rate was obtained at 76.6%. Shoot regeneration with various cytokinins showed that 5μM AdS promoted the tallest shoot growth at 5.56 ± 0.77cm per shoot. Combination treatment of 2.5μM mT + 5μM AdS produced taller shoots at 5.74 ± 0.65cm per shoot. This combination treatment was then applied to 6 types of LED treatments. Mint white light produced the tallest shoots at 4.06 ± 0.58cm, while white, blue, red, and red:blue (1:1) lights displayed similar results. Root regeneration was the best when auxins, IAA, IBA, and NAA were not added. Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) did not improve the growth of shoots and also did not inhibit root growth.
In Vitro Multiplication And Plant Regeneration Of Red Banana (Musa Acuminata) Using Light-Emitting Diodes (Leds) System
(2025-03)
Bege, Jonathan
The red banana is a versatile plant with numerous nutritional benefits, agricultural potential and applications in food science and technology. Its special characteristics make it the subject of ongoing studies aimed at maximising its benefits and sustainability in a variety of industries. In the present study, the effects of different light spectra and plant growth regulators (pgrs) on the in vitro cultivation, physiological properties, genetic similarity and acclimatisation of musa acuminata cv. Red banana were investigated. The aim of the study was to improve shoot regeneration, growth indicators, root development and the successful transfer of plantlets to the field. In the first phase of the trial, thidiazuron (tdz) and 6-benzylaminopurine (bap) proved to be the most effective pgrs for promoting shoot formation, with tdz treatments resulting in the highest shoot regeneration rates. Tdz improved shoot multiplication but resulted in shorter shoot lengths than other pgrs. Indole-3-butyric acid (iba) was found to be most effective in root formation, with 1 μm significantly increasing root elongation. Naphthaleneacetic acid (naa) at 3 μm produced the largest average number of roots.
Integrative Taxonomy Of The Limnonectes Hascheanus-Limborgi (Anura: Dicroglossidae) Complex: Resolving Cryptic Species In Peninsular Malaysia
(2025-05)
Zou, Bei
Limnonectes hascheanus and l. Limborgi are two closely related species that are herein referred to as the limnonectes hascheanus–limborgi complex. In the past, l. Hascheanus was the only species reported to be present in peninsular malaysia. Matsui reported one of their examined specimens from janda baik as l. Limborgi. This study aimed to ascertain the status of both species in peninsular malaysia through an integrated approach, combining morphological, bioacoustic and molecular data. The results indicated that in peninsular malaysia there two different lineages of the l. Hascheanus–limborgi complex that can be separated genetically, by their male advertisement calls, as well as by external morphology. Both lineages differ by having a high genetic distance between them of 2.4–7.8% based on both mtdna 16s rrna and nudna tyrosinase genes. One lineage has a morphotype assignable to l. Hascheanus described from penang island and bears the following characteristics: slender body and light or dark–olive–brown color; toe webbing not reaching middle subarticular tubercle on the fourth toe; and the absence of enlarged odontoids in males. Populations from langkawi island; kedah, perlis, and some specimens from bukit larut, perak are genetically and bioacoustically similar to topotypic specimens of l. Hascheanus from penang island.
Investigation Of Toxin Production, Stress Tolerance And Compatible Solute Utilisation By Benthic Cyanobacteria Isolated From Antarctica
(2025-01)
Usman, Aminu Surajo
Cyanobacteria dominate the antarctic ecosystem due to their remarkable adaptability to diverse conditions, including changing salinity. However, limited information exists about their response to salt stress. This study aimed to identify cyanobacterial strains, assess cyanotoxin production, and examine their salt stress response. A total of 17 unialgal cyanobacteria strains were isolated from deep freeze mat samples collected from meltwater ponds, lakes, and hydro-terrestrial environments in cape royds, scott base, victoria valley, and mcmurdo ice shelf. Morphospecies identification was performed by observing major phenotypic features in the culture. In addition, molecular analysis of 16s rrna genes provided complementary information to enhance the morphological identification process. All strains were examined for the presence of genes involved in the biosynthesis of anatoxins (atxs), cylindrospermopsins (cyns), microcystins (mcs), and saxitoxins (stxs) using pcr-based methods. Two strains, phormidesmis priestleyi (cr147_usmfm) and microcoleus autumnalis (sb19_usmfm), tested positive for microcystin gene (mcye).
Isolation, Identification And Characterization Of Poly(3-Hydroxybutyrate-co-3-Hydroxyhexanoate) [PHBHx] Degrading Bacteria From Soil, Plastisphere, And Brackish Water Samples
(2025-07)
Taufiq, Ahmad Syauqi
This study aimed at isolating potential PHBHx-degrading bacteria from soil, plastisphere and brackish water samples. In this study, a total of 22 PHA-degrading bacteria were screened for their ability to degrade different types of PHA, particularly PHBHx with different 3HHx monomeric compositions, using clear zone assays. Results showed that as the 3HHx monomer composition increased, the number of bacteria capable of degrading the copolymer decreased.
Metagenomic Analysis Of Microbiome In Bagworm, Metisa Plana Walker (Lepidoptera: Psychidae)
(2022-04)
Andrew, Ting Chung Jie
The bagworm Metisa plana is one of the major pests in the oil palm plantation in Malaysia, with infestation that results in huge economical loss. However, the biology of the bagworm such as the microbiome has yet to be identified. Studying the microbiome of M. plana could provide insight on the problem as the bacteria associated with insects often provide numerous benefits to the insect itself. Using 16S rRNA sequencing, the study was conducted to compare the composition of the bacterial communities of two larval stages (early instar stage and late instar stage) from outbreak area, as well as comparing the late instar stage larvae from non-outbreak and outbreak areas. Generally, the bacterial community was dominated by Proteobacteria and Actinobacteria phyla while the Enterobacteriaceae was found to be the dominant family. The Proteobacteria phylum was found to be more abundant in the late instar stage (82.45%) than in the early instar stage (82.28%). At the family level, the Enterobacteriaceae was slightly more abundant in late instar stage (75.46%) than in early instar stage (75.29%). The instar stage was observed to have no significant impact on the bacterial variability and showed similar bacterial community structure. Proteobacteria was significantly more abundant in the outbreak area (82.02%) than in the non-outbreak area (20.57%). However, Actinobacteria was significantly more abundant in the non-outbreak area (76.29%) than in the outbreak area (14.16%). At the family level, Enterobacteriaceae was more abundant in outbreak area (75.41%) than in non-outbreak area (11.67%).
Micropropagation Of Fig (Ficus Carica) Cv.japanese Btm 6
(2024-09)
Lee, Yong Jun
Ficus carica L., commonly known as the fig tree and belonging to the Moraceae family, is cultivated in subtropical and Mediterranean regions worldwide. This fruit-bearing tree is rich in natural fibre, minerals, and vitamins. However, conventional propagation methods, such as grafting, hardwood cutting, and air layering, are inefficient for establishing viable plant stocks in Malaysia. The primary factor to this inefficiency is the suboptimal rooting efficiency associated with these conventional propagation techniques. However, experiments have shown that vermicast can enhance root induction, improving the survival rate of plantlets in these methods. Therefore, vermicast can be as an option to help with root induction."Vermicast, a byproduct of organic matter decomposition by earthworms, is known for its advantageous impact on plant growth in agriculture. This study aims to establish methods for the micropropagation of Ficus carica cv. Japanese BTM 6 and to evaluate the regeneration effects of vermicast solution on in vitro shoot cultures. Sterile nodal segment explants were subjected to treatments involving various types and concentrations of organic additives, including potato, banana, and coconut water. The induced shoots were further treated with different combinations and concentrations of cytokinins (meta-topolin, BAP, 2ip, zeatin, and TDZ) and auxins (IAA, IBA, NAA) to promote shoot multiplication. Additionally, the induced shoots were assessed for their response to varying concentrations of vermicast solution (ranging from 5% to 30%) in terms of in vitro shoot and root regeneration. Plantlets with roots were acclimatized with different potting mix and vermicast as the acclimazation media with and without vermicast solution during watering.
Molecular Systematics Of Cryptocoryne Spp. From Indo-Malaya Archipelago
(2023-06)
Nurul Shakina Binti Mohd Talkah
Several expeditions in Sumatera and adjacent islands have resulted in identifications of new Cryptocoryne species and interspecific hybrids within the genus. Some of the newly discovered species possessed a mixture of morphological structure from different Cryptocoryne species. These newly described species were proven to exhibit various ploidy level even within nearby geographical area. The situation has resulted in taxonomic complexity of this genus. In this study, complete chloroplast genome reconstruction was done using next-generation sequencing (NGS) technology and perl programming language.

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