Pusat Pengajian Sains Kesihatan - Monograf

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A comparative in-vitro study of cultured primary normal human epidermal kera tinocyte on artificial dermal regeneration template and fibrin scaffold.
(2009)
Skin plays an important role in regulating our body homeostasis. Once the dermal layer is destroyed, it cannot heal by itself, a transplant or artificial dermal regeneration template is needed in order to restore its function. This study aims to explore the successfulness in the cultivation of primary normal human epidermal keratinocyte (pNHEK) within INTEGRA® dermal regeneration template {INTEGRA ®-DRT) and fibrin. Keratinocytes were seeded on INTEGRA ®-DRT and fibrin and observed on three day basis until one week. During the culture, cells were supplied with medium containing elevated calcium in order to promote cell differentiation. The cell viability analysis, growth pattern and three dimensional views were conducted using Laser Scanning Confocal Microscope (LSCM). From the analysis, pNHEK were grown on both scaffolds and the proliferation rate was better in fibrin compared to INTEGRA ®-DRT (p < 0.05). However, the penetration rates are better in INTEGRA ®-DRT scaffold compared to fibrin. In conclusion, both scaffolds are suitable to be developed as skin substitute depends on bum situation.
A comparison study of awareness on risk factors and warning signs of stroke between nursing and medical students in Universiti Sains Malaysia.
(2015)
Yazid, Nurfatihah Mohd
Stroke is a clinical syndrome characterized by rapidly developing signs of focal loss of cerebral function with symptoms lasting more than 24 hours or leading to death. There are some risk factors of stroke which were hypertension, high cholesterol, smoking, and lack of exercise, family history of stroke and poor diet. While the warning signs of stroke are slurred speeches, numbness, weakness, headache, vision problems and shortness of breath. Thus, this study is aimed to compare the awareness level on risk factors and warning signs of stroke between nursing and medical student in USM. Moreover, the researcher also wants to compare the actions taken when someone having a stroke nears them, to compare the sources of information of stroke and lastly to compare the association between selected socio-demographic data (gender and educational entry level) on awareness of risk factors and warning signs of stroke between nursing and medical student in USM. There were 184 respondents included in this study. There was a significant difference in mean level of awareness of risk factors of stroke between nursing and medical students in USM (/?<0.05). The researcher concludes the level of awareness for both programs were good but still need to increase their awareness. Thus, educational program can be conducted to increase the level of awareness of risk factors and warning signs of stroke among nursing and medical students in USM.
A comprehensive 3D dosimetric analysis of the vienna ring applicator in high-dose-rate (HDR) brachytherapy for cervical cancer treatment: TLD measurement
(2024)
Sivaprakasam, Pugalya
Introduction: Intracavitary brachytherapy is the most common approach used for gynecological cancers which happens to be the cancer with highest occurrence among women. Intracavitary-interstitial (IC/IS) brachytherapy is an approach that is developed, and various applicators are utilised in this treatment method such as the Vienna Ring applicator. However, a comprehensive understanding on the dosimetric behavior of Vienna Ring applicator is required for efficient use in brachytherapy for cervical cancer. Purpose: This study aims to experimentally analyse the dosimetric performance of Vienna Ring applicator in aspects of target coverage, organ at risk (OAR) sparing and ability to deliver the planned dose during treatment. Methods and Materials: A Vienna Ring applicator was assembled in a pelvic phantom with Thermoluminescence Dosimeters (TLD-100) chips were attached to the OARs (bladder and rectum) to act as markers. Computed Tomography (CT) images were obtained for treatment planning. 7Gy was prescribed for irradiation and the treatment was planned for the assessment of dose received by target, OAR and the TLDs at 8 points. The dose measured by the TLD-100 chips during the irradiation and dose calculated by treatment planning system (TPS) on the TLD points were compared. Results: The dose received by target, bladder and rectum are 7.1 Gy, 2.4 Gy and 7.4 Gy respectively as obtained from TPS. Out of 8 TLDs, 7 TLDs have dose deviation less than 20% while 1 TLD (F7) have dose deviation of 31.03% between measured and calculated dose. Conclusion: The dose distribution of Vienna ring applicator to GTV is not homogenous but has high degree of conformity. The Vienna ring applicator was able to spare the bladder and deliver optimum dose to tumour. The Vienna ring applicator can deliver planned dose during treatment delivery due to 90% of the dose deviation was below 20%. Therefore, the applicator can be categorised as a reliable applicator in brachytherapy for cervical cancer.
A new digital meshed polygon method for demonstrating individuality in fingerprints from different individuals.
(2016)
Kelana, Aslaha Musafir
A fingerprint produces an oriented texture pattern which represent a symbol of individuality. Until today, individuality remains scientifically unprovable and yet, none have ever been able to provide a contradicted proof to ban the theory. Be it probabilistic, statistic or mathematic. This study aims to propose a novel method to demonstrate fingerprint individuality. This is a pilot study design and a correlational study as a whole. Adobe® Photoshop® software was used to analyse fingerprint samples. For each fingerprint impression, 12 precise points were located upon the minutiae, each point was connected to construct a polygon which had produced a meshed polygon. The shape of the meshed polygon for high impression and normal impression were superimposed from a common source finger. Whereas, for meshed polygon originating from different source fingers, 20 meshed polygons from each finger type were superimposed. The result shows that for the superimposition of high impression print and normal impression print from common source finger, the shapes remained the same but differ in size, the variations are in the measurement of maximum height, breadth and area. Majority of the difference in maximum height and breadth bad a range of 0 0.05 cm only, in which, none had exceeded the threshold value 0.07 cm. Whereas, the 20 superimposed meshed polygon outlines for each finger type, had showed that none of 20 the meshed polygon outlines produced a 'match'. Hence, in order to demonstrate the individuality of fingerprint, visual evidence based on the morphology basis was shown through the constructed meshed polygons had fulfilled the requirements in producing a method to enl1anced the element of individuality.
A preliminary study on the bacteriological quality of untreated well water from tawang and Pengkalan Chepa, Kelantan.
(2015)
Yahaya, Norihan
In Kelantan, an average 69.3% of its population is still depending on the untreated groundwater for drinking and other uses. Untreated groundwater has shown to bring illhealth effects to humans. The aim of the study was to determine the bacteriological quality of untreated well water from the district of Tawang and Pengkalan Chepa. Ninety (90) samples from thirty (30) sampling points were randomly selected from December 2014 until February 2015. Water samples were analysed using the membrane filtration method. The results showed the E. coli count is within the acceptable level (1-10 cfu/100ml). Pengkalan Chepa relatively has an excellent well water quality compared to Tawang. The number of samples that categorised as an acceptable criteria for drinking water at Tawang and Pengkalan Chepa was about 14 (93.33%) and 15 (100%) of 15 samples respectively. Only 1 sample contain E. coli in the range of 10-50 colony counts at Tawang that indicates that water was unacceptable to be used as drinking. Water samples from both study locations are far from grossly polluted and can be used as a safe source of drinking water.
A study of drinking water quality in Kota Bharu, Kelantan: a special concern on fluoride content.
(2015)
Muhammad, Nur Shazlina
Fluoride content in drinking water is important for oral health. Appropriate intake of it can help to minimize dental carries (tooth decay) whereas excess of it can lead to other health problems such as dental fluorosis and impaired development of central nervous system (CNS) especially among children. In relation to the fluoride, other main parameters also being measured in order to investigate the relationship that might be present among them. This study was aimed to investigate the level of fluoride content in five water treatment plants (WTP) in district of Kota Bharu, Kelantan. It also aimed to determine the concentration of fluoride content in raw and treated water samples from both surface water and groundwater sources, respectively. In all WTP stations, two sampling points were chosen which are at raw and treated water points. For in-situ analysis, the parameters involved were pH, temperature, free-chlorine and turbidity whereas for ex-situ analysis, the parameters involved were fluoride and ammoniacal nitrogen (NH3-N). All water samples were taken three times in a week for eight weeks. The result obtained was then compared with standard value of drinking water from Ministry of Health, Malaysia (MOH). All the data entry, analysis, and interpretation were done by using Microsoft Office Excel. All bar charts and linear regression was performed using Microsoft Office Excel where coefficient of determination value (R2) was used to measure the regression line that help to determine the closeness of relationship present between variables. Based on bar charts trend and R2 values, it was found that all measured parameters did not influence the fluoride content in water samples. However, the increase of fluoride level after the water being treated was due to other chemicals such as Calcium Hydroxide and Sodium Carbonate that used for pH fixing purpose was detected. Groundwater was noted the higher level of fluoride compared to surface water. However, all the fluoride level was not even reach the minimum requirement set by MOH which it should be between 0.4 to 0.6 mg/L. For raw water samples, the highest R2 values were recorded in three out of five WTP stations for the same parameters of NH3-N against pH. This supported that there was a relationship present between parameters of NH3-N against pH. For treated water samples, two stations recorded the R2 values more that 50% which are for the parameters of temperature against free chlorine and NH3-N against fluoride. However other station shows lower R2 values for those parameters which it cannot support the present of relationship between the parameters. Thus, further study is needed to improve and support the findings. The usage of treated water was recommended in ensuring the safety of public drinking water and fluoridation process also highly recommended to be done as parts of treatment process in all WTP stations as natural occurrence of fluoride still not enough to reach minimum standard of 0.40 mg/L for public drinking water.
A study of fatigue among nurses in Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia (HUSM).
(2012)
Raseli, Farah Nafeesha Mohame
This research was conducted to study on occupational fatigue experienced by nurses in Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia (HUSM). The specific objective was to obtain the prevalence of occupational fatigue among nurses. This research also aimed to find the relationship between fatigue with employment data and also to determine the highest risk factor that cause fatigue. The respondents of the study were consisting of all nurses as a major group in healthcare services in Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia (HUSM), Kelantan. 219 respondents have been selected randomly from ward, clinic and laboratory participated in this study. Questionnaires were used to collect field data and then analyze using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS). From the analysis, it was found that prevalence of respondents having high fatigue is 56.4% while as for low fatigue is 43.6% and this showed that the prevalence of respondents having high fatigue is great. The result indicated the existence of correlations between working experience with fatigue represented p-value which is 0.043. Meanwhile, there is no association between work location and fatigue as the p-values are greater than 0.05. The result of this research also shows that no association between working in shift and fatigue. Last part of this study has determined five highest risk factors contributing fatigue which are; nurses shorthanded, work stress, excessive workload, improper sleep habits and high expectations/demands from patients and families.
A study on depression, anxiety and stress among first year students at school of medical sciences, school of dental sciences and school of health sciences, Health Campus Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kelantan.
(2015)
Shahar, Sharifah Nor Hida Yah Syed
Changes of a students from school environments to university environments could cause a psychological, academic and social shock to them, since this educational system has big different, make them to face variety of demands such as learned in a new method, have heavy workload, living away from families, the relations between students, and so on. This will make them more vulnerable to emotional disturbances such as depression, anxiety and stress. The objectives of this study are to identify the prevalence of depression, anxiety and stress and the main sources of stressor among first year students at School of Medical Sciences, School of Dental Sciences and School of Health Sciences Health Campus Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kelantan. Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale (DASS-42) were used in order to meet the objectives and about 164 of first year students were involved in this study. The overall prevalence of depression, anxiety and stress was 24.3%, 62.8% and 40.2% respectively. Between genders, the male students had significant association with depression while, School of Health Sciences also found had significantly association with depression. Regarding the sources of stressors, the top ten stressors decided by the students were mainly interpersonal and intrapersonal factors. Factors including change in living environment, increased workload, anticipation of graduation and change in social activities can be considered as source of stressors that possible caused for depression, anxiety and stress while, the most stressors was change in living environment.
A study on heavy metal contamination of well water at Pasir Mas, kelantan : perspective of water quality index.
(2015)
Abdullah, Nur Liana
Well water is one of the source of the drinking water in Kelantan. The assessment for well water quality is very important in evaluating the suitability of the water for drinking and other domestic purposes. The aims of this study is to determine the heavy metal contamination in the well water in Pasir Mas area. In this study seven parameter water quality such as temperature, DO, pH, COD, BOD, NH3-N and SS were recorded. In addition, heavy metals such as Zn, Fe, Mn and Pb were investigate. In-situ measurement of water quality such as pH, temperature and DO were measured by using YSI portable Multi-probes meter. Ex-situ measurement such as BOD, AN, COD, and SS were carried out in the laboratory. Statistical analysis of One-Way ANOVA test shows that there is no significant different between pH, COD, BOD, Zn, Fe and Pb in all ten stations involved. The concentration of Zn, Fe, Mn and Pb were found in range of 0.02-0.08 mg/1, 0.04-0.29 mg/1, 0.09-0.76 mg/1 and 0.02-0.08 mg/1 respectively. Overall, the Water Quality Index were categorized under class III and it is considered polluted in Pasir Mas area.
A study on the effect of arterial stiffness, ocular perfusion pressure and genetics on the severity and progression of glaucoma.
(2015)
Tajuddin, Liza Sharmini Ahmad
Inadequate blood supply to the optic nerve head (ONH) has been implicated for glaucomatous damage based on the vascular theory of glaucoma. Ocular perfusion pre^ure (OPP) is the balance of systemic blood pressure and intraocular pressure (IOP). OPP is believecf play an important role in maintaining the function of retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL). Low OPP is believed to cause further damage to the RNFL. There was significant association of low OPP with severity of glaucoma in this study. However, there was no association with progression of glaucoma.Ocular perfusion may also be affected by the stiffness of the vessels and endothelial dysfunction. There was significant association of endothelial dysfunction with severity of glaucoma. Systemic arterial stiffness seem not to affect the severity of glaucoma. Susceptibility genetic markers for glaucoma in Malay patients were also identified. ABCC5 was found to significantly associated with PACG in Malay patients. There was several markers that reached genome wide association significant in Malay patients with POAG.
A study on the protective effects of calcium channel blockers against anoxic brain damage
(1999)
Introduction It is now widely accepted that a rapid neuronal influx of Ca2+ following cerebral ischaemia! hypoxia is intimately connected with the cascade of events- including activation of enzymes which give rise to the production of reactive oxygen species and nitric oxide, thereby leading to free-radical induced damage -which reseult in neuronal injury and death. It is also known that a burst of free radical generation I occurs during re-oxygenation of the tissues following a period,ofischaernialhypoxia as also a prolonged purturbation of the membrane functions continues after the perfusion/oxygenation has been restored, which leads to continued accumulnnon of calcium intracellularly ; resulting ultimately in delayed damage and death of the neurone. Estimation of lipid peroxidation products proviqes a reliable estimate of free radical induced damage to tissues, and has been widely used for this purpose.
A Study on the Species Composition of Necrophagous Dipteran Flies Infesting Beef Meat in Urban and Rural Location in Kota Bahru.
(2016)
Baharuddin, Nurul Najwa
The objective of this study is to identify the species variation among the necrophagous dipteran flies that infest exhibiting preference to two different habitats namely urban and rural locations. The animal model used was 500 g of fresh beef meat and the research was conducted using USM Health Campus as representing urban location and Kg Keledang, Beta as representing rural location. Three sets of experiments were conducted in each location with two samples each. The animal models were inspected every 2 hours until opposition and then twice every day. The presence of eggs, larvae, pupae and the adult's flies were recorded during the observations and taxonomical identification was conducted following the standard taxonomical keys. About 1,229 specimens were collected in both locations. Two species namely, Chrysomya megacephala (248 specimens) and Chrysomya rufifacies (263 specimens) were identified in urban location. Whereas in the rural location in addition to Chrysomya megacephala (307 specimens) and Chrysomya rufifacies (305 specimens), 103 specimens belonging to Sarcophagidae family were also identified. The total number of specimen for both C. megacephala and C. rufifacies in urban and rural locations were nearly the same. This suggests that there is simple correspondence in number between both species composition. The specific difference found in this study was that Sarcophagidae flies were completely absent in the urban location while they were abundantly present in the rural location.
Activities teaching practices of children with disabilities in special education program in primar school in Kota Bharu.
(2015)
Rahman, Soraya
Physical and recreational activities are important and good for promoting development in learning, growth and health among children. Schools become the most important and suitable institution to promote the physical activity in children .Physical education (PE) help to develop and shaping the children’s behaviour. Thus well taught physical education (PE) and some supports given by the special education teachers may give some encouragement for children with disabilities to participate in physical activities. Special education teachers are teachers who responsible to teach and care for the children with special needs. Their responsibilities are quite heavy and challenging because they need to handle these children who suffered from mental, emotional, vision, and learning disabilities. They also play a big and important role to teach the skills and provide maximum physical activity time within the class period. Subsequently, 46 respondents were selected from five different schools to explore the recreational and physical activity teaching practices for children with disabilities in special education program in primary school in Kota Bharu. Teaching practices and teacher’s perception children with disabilities in physical and recreational activities were gathered and developed through questionnaire, which was modified from Hodge et.al (2004). All the data were analysed by using Simple frequency distribution method because it is easy and save time while for the data had been computed manually (DeVos, 2001). The important findings were discussed at length to determine the research objectives that led to the conclusions of this research. On the analysis of data and conclusions relevant recommendations were formulated.
Acute effects of exercise on mood in female students.
(2009-04)
Mamat, Noor Hapizah
The present study was about the acute effects of aerobic dance exercise on mood changes in female university students. It is a field study that involved volunteers who joint the aerobic dance exercise class. Based on previous research, subjects should show positive mental health (an increase in vigor and a decrease in all negative mood subscales; anger, tension, depression, confusion and fatigue) after the exercise. Participants were 16 female students (21.75 ± 0.71 years). They completed the Brunei of Mood Scale (BRUMS) 15 minutes before and immediately after exercise. The aerobic dance exercise session lasted for about 60 minutes including the warm-up, main session and cool-down. The results indicated that the negatives mood subscales of anger (1.88 versus 1.19), tension (0.94 versus 0.44), depression (2.13 versus 0.94), confusion (1.63 versus 0.25) and fatigue (4.19 versus 3.81) were lower, while vigor (positive mood) was higher (7.88 versus 9.81) after the exercise session. However, the changes were only statistically significant for vigor (p = 0.016, eta2 = 0.328) and confusion (p = 0.040, eta2 = 0.252). On the other hand, the results also resembled the Iceberg Profile and may be classified as positive mental health. Findings lend support to the notion that the exercis~ is ~~sociated with ' ~ improved mood. Thus, the aerobic dance exercise can be V,S~d to maintain and regulate positive mental health.
Adsorption of malic acid in aqueous solution by amberlite xad-4.
(2009)
Sani, Nor Diyana Md
The adsorption of malic acid onto XAD-4 was studied. The effect of shaking time, pH, temperature, concentration of malic acid and amount of adsorbent on the adsorption of malic acid was investigated by batch process. It was found that the adsorption process works best at lower pH (pH 2.0) and shaking time of 75 min. The equilibrium data could be described well by Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms but the best fit is the Freundlich model based on the higher correlation coefficient (R2 ) value. Thermodynamic parameters such as enthalpy change (l1H 0 ), free energy change (l1Go) and entropy change (l1So) were calculated. The results showe that the adsorption is endothermic, spontaneous and entropy driven respectively.
Air quality in library: assessment of pm10 and pm2.5 concentrations at different floor levels of USM Health Campus’s Library.
(2016)
Nordin, Siti Mariam
Library is one of the most frequent visited place by university students everyday. Many students favor to spend their time in library. Indoor exposure to air pollutants may occur in library. The purpose of this study is to assess the indoor air quality (IAQ) in library at USM Health Campus, Kota Bharu, Kelantan. The comparison of PM|0 and PM25 concentrations between floor levels of library was determined. This study was also conducted to obtain the associations between PMio and PM25 concentrations with number of occupants, temperature, relative humidity and total number of books. Particulate matter concentrations were measured at library by using Handheld 3016 IAQ Particle Counter. The data was collected for eight hour for each floor with five minutes time interval. Based on Kruskal Wallis test, there was significant differences of PM2.5 and PMio concentrations between floor levels (p<0.05). Number of occupants had significant associations with PM2.s concentration through Spearman Correlation test (p<0.05). Furthermore, there was also a significant association between temperature and relative humidity with PMio and PM2.s concentrations. However, the correlation between particulate matter concentration with temperature and relative humidity were poor (r-PMio=0.22, r-PM2s=-0.15; /--PMio=-0.17, r-PM2 5=0.2). Number of books and different floor surface area of library can be contributing factor too. In conclusion, regular cleaning and housekeeping activities in library need to be done to minimize IAQ problems and to provide a healthier indoor environment.
Airway epithelial barrier, mucins and inflammasome in distinct eosinophilic, neutrophilic and mixed inflammatory phenotypes of asthma
(2018-01)
Tze, Tan Hern
Introduction Asthma is a complex, chronic respiratory disease with marked clinical and pathophysiological heterogeneity. Specific pathways are thought to be involved in the pathomechanisms of different inflammatory phenotypes of asthma, yet direct in vivo comparison has not been performed. In the present study, we aimed to investigate the expression of tight junction molecules, mucins and inflammasome activation in different phenotypes of airway inflammation. Method We developed models of three different phenotypes of airway inflammation in mice, namely · eosinophilic, mixed, and neutrophilic asthma via different methods of house dust mite , sensit isation and challenge. Transcriptome analysis was performed using whole lung tissues, fol lowed by quantitative RT-PCR, western blot analysis and confocal microscopy. Results By unbiased whole genome transcriptomic approach, we found that airway tight junction (TJ) molecules, mucins and inflammasome-related genes are differentially expressed in distinct phenotypes of allergic airway inflammation. Detailed analysis of several molecules from these families revealed that (i) Zo-1 and Cldn18 were downregulated in all phenotypes, while Cldn4 upregulation was characteristic for neutrophilic airway inflammation; (ii) mucins Clcal (GobS) and MucSac were upregulated in eosinophilic and even more in neutrophilic asthma, and (iii) upregulation of inflammasome-related molecules such as Nlrp3, Nlrc4, casp-1 and IL-113 was characteristic for neutrophilic asthma. Finally, we showed that inflammasome/Th· 17 /neutrophilic axis cytokines, namely IL-113 and IL-17, might impair epithelial barrier function and increase mucins expressions in primary hBECs from normal and asthmati< donors. Conclusion Our findings suggest that differential expression of TJs, mucins and inflammasome-relate<: molecules in distinct asthma phenotypes might be mechanistically linked and could further reflect the differences observed in the clinic.
Analyses of dna variants in malays with hereditary Nonpolyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC)
(2017)
Zakaria, Andee Dzulkarmaen
Hereditary Nonpolyposis Colorectal Cancer (HNPCC) is caused by germline mutations in any of the Mismatch Repair (MMR) genes; MLH1, MSH2, MSH6 and PMS2 including EPCAM gene which is located upstream the MSH2 gene. This study aimed to investigate the underlying genetic variants in Malay HNPCC and of possible genes contributing to the risk of HNPCC. Thirty-two Malay HNPCC patients' samples were analyze by using immunohistochemistry and direct DNA sequencing of MLH1 and MSH2 genes. Seven patients with intact protein expression were selected for further whole genome sequencing. Seven possible mismatch mutations and seven Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs) were discovered. By the whole genome sequencing data, a number of insertions and deletions (indels) and SNPs were identified. Nine rare variant from seven genes were also discovered in this study. Of the seven genes, two genes; CDK11B was known play a role in cell cycle progression and MUC6 was associated with the outcome of colorectal cancer. A more comprehensive study and analysis in larger population is required to determine more conclusively pathogenic nature of the genetic variants predicted in silico in the current study
Analysis of cadmium in infant milk powder using the differential pulse anodic stripping voltammetry.
(2015)
Isa, Siti Zaharah Md
An anodic stripping voltammetric (ASV) technique was used for determination of the cadmium in infant milk powder by using the hanging mercury drop electrode (HMDE). Ten samples of infant milk powder which are suitable from zero to twelve months (one year) from different brands and manufactures from the hypermarket and pharmacies in Kubang Kerian area were bought and analyzed. The samples were digested in nitric acid solution by using microwave high pressure digestion technique at 210 °C. The determination of the cadmium trace elements was made in acetate buffer at pH 4.6 and was stirred at 2000 rpm. The optimize parameters for the voltammetric determination of the cadmium are: initial potential, Et = -0.70 V; final potential, Ef = 0.50 V; deposition potential, Eacc = -1.15 V; deposition time, tacc = 90 s; equilibrium time, teq= 10 s; sweep rate = 0.06 V/s; pulse amplitude = 0.05 V; and purge time = 300 s. Cadmium was not detected in all samples except for samples 9 and 10 which showed the Cd contents were about 12.458 ± 2.899 and 31.517 ± 4.320 ppb respectively. This amount is under limit state by the World Health Organization 1972 about 1 ug/kg/day cadmium for children.
Analysis of different type of agriculture soil Based on physical properties and ftir (fourier Transform infrared spectroscopy).
(2016)
Ahmad, Siti Noratika
The aim of this study was to analyses the soil in different type of agriculture soil based on physical properties and results from FTIR. The type of agriculture area involved were oil palm (site 1), sugarcane (site 2), rubber (site 3), lime (site 4) and banana (site 5). The physical appearances of samples were analysed using stereomicroscope from lower to higher magnification for a better impression. The gravimetric water content method was used to determine samples moisture content. The colours of samples were analysed using comparisons the soil samples colour with Munsell Colour Chart. The samples were then analysed using ATR-FTIR and the results interpretation were presented by statistical analysis (PCA). The physical appearances of soil samples from site 1 showed consistency at all depths and points while the soil samples from site 4 appeared to has clay likes particles that distinguish them from other samples. The moisture content analysis revealed that site 4 has the wettest followed by site 3, site 5, site 2 and site 1. All soil samples have yellow or yellowish red colour and some of the samples were classified as dark soil because moistened the soil in this did not decrease their colour lightness. Based on ATR-FTIR, all soil samples were characterized as inorganic soil and the PCA result showed the differences between samples from site 1 and 2 and other sample from site 3, 4 and 5.

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