Pusat Pengajian Teknologi Industri - Tesis
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Browsing Pusat Pengajian Teknologi Industri - Tesis by Type "doctoral thesis"
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- PublicationA Randomized, Double Blind, Placebo-Controlled Human Clinical Trial On The Effects Of Sacha Inchi (Plukenetia Volubilis L.) Oil Supplementation In Hyperglycaemia, Hypertension And Hyperlipidaemia Patients(2024-07)Mhd Rodzi, Nur Anis RaihanaThe incidence of hyperglycaemia, hypertension and hyperlipidaemia (3Hs) have been prevalent in many developed and developing countries. Sacha Inchi oil (SIO) is a rich source of plant-based omega-3, 6, and 9 polyunsaturated fatty acids with promising health effects. However, the effects of SIO as complementary medicine among the 3Hs individuals are narrowly investigated. The present randomised, doubleblind, placebo-controlled human clinical trial aimed to explore the effects of SIO supplementation on (1) glycaemic control; (2) BPs; (3) lipid profiles; (4) inflammatory status; (5) oxidative stress; (6) circulating arterial calcification biomarkers; (7) anthropometry measurements; (8) quality of life; (9) mental health status; and (10) compliancy and tolerability among 3Hs patients. Fifty-four (n=54) 3Hs patients were recruited from Specialist Day Care Clinic, Pusat Perubatan USM Bertam, and randomised into two groups: the SIO group (n=27) (received 1000mg of SIO soft gel per day) or placebo group (n=27) (received 1000mg corn oil soft gel for 12 weeks). Fasting blood samples were collected at baseline and post week-12 to assess clinical and laboratory biochemical markers.
- PublicationAnti-Freeze Stabilizer System Based On Azidated Glycerol For Natural Rubber Latex(2022-09)Abd Samat, Siti NurayaNatural rubber latex (NRL) normally transported to any destination in colloid / liquid form. It requires large storage containers such as drums and the probability of latex leakage during transportation to happen is higher. To prevent the latex spillage, the liquid form of NRL was transform into solid / frozen latex by freezing method. However, negatively charged protein layer that stabilized NRL particles may be broken by ice crystals during freezing and these destabilized NRL particles will form big lump after thawing. So, this study proposed a new low temperature of stabilizer named azidated glycerol (AG) that will be incorporated in NRL liquid before freezing process. It is expected that AG able to act as colloid stabilizer thus preventing the coalescence of rubber participles from occurring after thawing. AG was prepared by a chemical reaction of pure glycerol with sodium azide. The resulting AG was then added into NRL colloid as an anti-freeze stabilizer to prevent the rubber latex particles from coalesces at a lower temperature. NRL containing AG was then freeze at a temperature of -4 °C. After 24 hours of freezing, the frozen latex was thaw at ambient temperature for 1 hour followed by heating in a water bath at 40 °C for another 1 hour.
- PublicationAntibiotic Resistance Microbial Inactivation And Lipid Extraction From Sewage Sludge For Biodiesel Production Using Supercritical Co2 Technology(2023-06)Alyaa Abdulhussein Kareem AlsaediSafe disposal of municipal sewage sludge (MSS) is a various environmental issue in sewage treatment plants worldwide due to its enormous volume of generation and containing hazardous substances. Consequently, utilising MSS for biodiesel production would be positive initiative to reduce environmental contamination and produce alternative energy resources. Accordingly, the main aim of this study is to evaluate a sustainable utilization of municipal sewage sludge as a potential feedstock for biodiesel production.
- PublicationBioremediation Of Benzene And Its Derivatives Producing Renewable Energy Through Benthic Microbial Fuel Cells(2022-10)October 2022Anthropogenic activities are largely responsible for the vast amounts of pollutants such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, cyanides, phenols, metal derivatives, sulphides, and other chemicals in wastewater through the source petrochemical and chemical industries. The excess benzene, toluene and xylene (BTX) can cause severe toxicity to living organisms in wastewater. Severral methods have been utilized like filtration, sedimentation, ozonation etc. BMFC is an emerging technology for the simultaneous production of renewable energy and bioremediation of BTX from wastewater by using sugar cane substrate. It is a different from microbial fuel cells because they lack a membrane. Benzene and toluene were oxidized into intermediate benzoic acid, while xylene was converted into 2-methyl benzoic acid then completely converted into carbon dioxide. The maximum potential was calculated using a multimetre, while current density and power density through the polarization curve of BMFC. UV–visible spectroscopy and cyclic voltammetry were used to determine bioremediation efficiency and specific capacitance, respectively. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy determined the overall internal resistance, and microbiological analysis revealed the bacteria present.
- PublicationCelulosic Nanofiber Kenaf Bast Using Supercritical Co2 Technique As Reinforcement In Nanocomposite For Premium Packaging Applications(2021-11)Nurul `Atiqah Binti Mohd SaadThis study investigates the characteristic functional properties of cellulose nanofibers (CNF) from kenaf fiber extracted via a total chlorine-free (TCF) bleaching method followed by an eco-friendly supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO2) treatment process.
- PublicationCharacterization And Environmental Sustainability Assessment Of Groundwater System As An Auxiliary Resource For Paddy Irrigation In Labu Kubong, Teluk Intan, Perak(2023-09)Akhtar, NaseemThe challenges facing Malaysia, such as inadequate water management, climate change, drought, and water pollution, are becoming more severe, leading to water stress in isolated paddy plot areas. The study highlights the role of groundwater as an auxiliary resource for paddy irrigation to counteract the alarming trend of the shrinking "rice bowl" area in Labu Kubong. Knowledge of the potential well yield of groundwater resources is critical not only for groundwater resource management purposes but also to determine the significant impact of associated water consumed in groundwater infrastructure and development. Therefore, this study's objectives are: (i) To analyse the geophysical profile of the subsurface area, (ii) To characterize the vertical profiling of soil textures and elemental compositions in the borehole, (iii) To evaluate the transmissivity, hydraulic conductivity and storativity of the aquifer, and (iv) To assess the impact potentials of water consumed associated with the groundwater system. Results showed that the aquifer consists of a sand-silt sequence with an average percentage of 94% and 6%, respectively indicating an alluvial environment with hard rock underlying the Gula Formation. The transmissivity (T), hydraulic conductivity (K), and storativity (S) were evaluated from the series of pumping tests in years 2020 and 2021.
- PublicationCharacterization Of Green Composites Films From Agar As A Potential Packaging Material(2022-07)Nor Azlina, IsmailABSTRACT Agar is a biopolymer extracted from certain red algae. The transparent film made from agar gum is becoming a common and renewable alternative for plastic-based food packaging materials. Agar have speciality in properties such as, high gel strength at low concentration, low viscocity and riversible process.. However, the film produced has poor properties such as brittle, high moisture permeability, and poor thermal stability. Hence the effect on addition of four types of plasticizers (Glycerol, PEG 200, PEG 1000 dan PEG 2000) with variation (10, 20,30 and 40%) has been done. Based on the results obtained, the plasticizing agent PEG 1000 at an addition of 40% was selected for the study of addition of crosslinking agents namely calcium chloride and acrylic resin. To reduce the hydrophilicity properties of agar composites based film, the addition of 40% (w/w) acrylic, whereas the film with the addition of 2% CaCl2 and an immersion time of 4 minutes showed a tensile strength of 57.54 MPa and a breaking point elongation of 1.20%. The agar film with the addition of 1000 PEG 40% showed a tensile strength of 29.02 MPa and a breaking point elongation of 3.19%. This indicates that the addition of acrylic resin as a cross linking agent not only reduces the hydrophilic properties of the film in order to increase the tensile strength. However, the break point elongation results showed a decrease after the addition of acrylic resin. From the infrared diffraction analysis (FTIR) proved the presence of acrylic resin in the film produced with the presence of a peak of 1728.32 cm-1 explains the existence of carbonyl group (C = O).
- PublicationCharacterization Of Hydrophobic Seaweed Film Reinforced With Kenaf Bast Cellulose Nanofibers(2022-09)Che Ismail, Che Mohamad HazwanPlastics are durable and resistant to biodegradation processes in the natural environment. Intensive researches have been conducted in past to develop the film from the natural source. The seaweed-based film showed excellent functional properties, so there is a need to investigate its performance and impact on surroundings to determine its longevity and harmfulness. Using kenaf nanocellulose as filler reinforcement is well known to increase the mechanical properties of films. The hydrophilicity nature of the seaweed can be countered by silane treatment using triethoxymethyl silane to give hydrophobicity properties to the film. The nanocellulose based seaweed film were prepared using solvent casting process. In this research project, study on physicochemical properties of the biodegradable film and its performance has been completed. This study include the understanding of the mechanical, physical, chemical, thermal, morphology, biodegradability, and hydrophilicity properties of the film. Detail study has been carried out to identify the optimum measure of silane surface treatment on seaweed films hydrophobicity. Different amounts of nanocellulose incorporated within the seaweed film also has been studied and compared to one another. The rate of water interaction with the seaweed films were measure by calculate the weight increase with respect to time.
- PublicationCharacterization Of Regenerated Cellulose Films From Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunch Incorporated With Bifeo3 As A Potential Photocatalyst(2022-04)Dinesh Weerasooriya, Poonanulkarage RuwanThere is an increasing interest in regenerated cellulose (RC) films for advanced applications using natural polymers and renewable materials. Also, photocatalytic degradation is an ecofriendly novel approach to purify waste water. Initially, RC films were isolated via solution casting process using oil palm empty fruit bunch (OPEFB) based microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) and the ionic liquid 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride ([BMIM]Cl). Effects of MCC on the structures and physicochemical properties of the isolated RC films were determined for 4 wt%, 6.5 wt%, and 9 wt% of MCC at 80 °C. Several analytical methods were employed to evaluate degree of crystallinity, chemical stability, mechanical properties, morphology, opacity, water vapor permeability and thermal stability of the RC films. The results showed that the addition of 6.5 wt% of MCC yielded the greatest tensile strength, 10.2 MPA.
- PublicationCleaning And Sterilization Of Sheep Wool Fiber Using Supercritical Carbon Dioxide(2022-09)Allafi, Faisal Aboelkasim SalemSheep wool is utilized as a textile material for clothing and high-quality fabric in the modern textile industry. Raw sheep wool contains dirt, suint and wax. Thus it requires an effective cleaning process to remove contaminants. Existing sheep wool processing requires a huge amount of fresh water and the addition of toxic chemicals which results in the generation of toxic effluent and wool fibre damage. Besides, contaminates with pathogenic bacteria. Therefore, it is urged for an effective technology to eliminate pathogenic microorganisms for safe handling. In this study, supercritical carbon dioxide scCO2 was used to treat sheep wool fibre as a waterless and effective alternative to existing sheep wool processing. The pathogenic bacteria in sheep wool fibre were determined using molecular identification with ribosomal ribonucleic acid 16sRNA. The influences of scCO2 sterilization and cleaning of sheep wool fibre were determined with varying pressure (10-40 MPa), temperature (32-80 oC), and treatment time (30-90 min). Subsequently, the physicochemical, thermo-mechanical properties and surface morphology of scCO2 treated and untreated fibre were determined using various analytical means.
- PublicationCo2 Biofixation And Carbohydrate Biosynthesis By Locally Isolated Acidophilic Microalgae For Biobutanol Production Through Simultaneous Saccharification And Fermentation(2023-09)Tan, Kean MengButanol is a common chemical that used as an additive for automotive fuel. Among the production methods, the biobutanol synthesised through acetone-butanol-ethanol (ABE) fermentation process. The ABE fermentation using microalgae biomass that contains high carbohydrate with less lignin, which is suitable to be biobutanol feedstock. The potential of microalgae for biological CO2 biosequestration, making them value-added compared to other bioresources. In addition, the promising single-step saccharification and fermentation (SSF) process during ABE fermentation, has opened up a novel ground for advancement in economic biobutanol production. Based on this study, a total of two native acidophilic microalgae were successfully isolated and were identified as Coccomyxa dispar and Scenedesmus parvus strains. The C. dispar and S. parvus exhibited highest in terms of biomass productivity, carbohydrate productivity, and CO2 biofixation when cultivated under the elevated condition. Apart from that, the carbohydrate-related genes and proteins were also been investigated in this study. Based on the transcriptomic analysis, the results showed that a significant upregulated of carbohydrate-related genes such as AGB, SS, ISA, AGPase, ME, G6PD, Accc, RuBC, and CA that involved in C. dispar, while PGM, AGB, SS, AGPase, ME, DGAT, RuBC, and CA involved in S. parvus
- PublicationDevelopment Of Hydrocolloids-Coated Noodles For Enhanced Salt Release In The Mouth(2022-03)Yeoh, Shin YongYellow alkaline noodles (YAN) with low-salt content pose low textural and mechanical properties. Consequently, they collapse easily in overall structure upon cooking, i.e. become soft, soggy, and crumble into smaller pieces. In addition to this major setback, low salt content in YAN impairs the taste and saltines perception by the consumers. Furthermore, Commercial YAN have a very short shelf life (up to 2 days), even under refrigeration storage. This study aims to develop zero-salted YAN coated with using of high amylose corn starch HylonVIITM (HC) or a mixture of sucrose esters of fatty acids and carboxymethyl cellulose SemperfreshTM (SC). The noodles is hypothesised to have the same (or better) shelf life, textural, mechanical, and sensory properties, as well as able to enhance salt release in the mouth than YAN.
- PublicationDevelopment Of Structurally Enhanced Air-Dried Rice Flour-Soy Protein Isolate Noodles(2022-07)Ojukwu MosesRice flour noodle is gluten-free, with excellent nutritional properties, but the lack of the functionality of forming a continuous visco-elastic dough contributes to rice flour noodles' poor texture. Fresh rice noodles have a short shelf life and are prone to spoilage due to high moisture content. However, air-dried rice noodles have been reported to shrink while processed and have poor rehydration characteristics. This research aimed to develop a structurally enhanced air-dried rice flour-soy protein isolate noodle. Firstly, fresh rice flour-soy protein isolate noodles (RNS) were developed to match those of yellow alkaline noodles (YAN) by incorporating microbial transglutaminase (RNS-MTG), glucono-δ- lactone (RNS-GDL), and both MTG and GDL into the RNS noodles (RNS-COM). After that, the central composite design of response surface methodology was employed to optimize the inclusion of soy protein isolate (SPI), microbial transglutaminase (MTG), and glucono-δ-lactone (GDL), after which sensory evaluation was carried out. This was followed by investigating the effects of steaming for 5 (S5) or 10 (S 10) min during the preparation of air-dried RNS-COM-S5 and RNS-COM-S10, respectively. Next, RNS-COM was dried using superheated steam (SHS) to yield RNS-COM-SHS. The formation of γ-glutamyl-lysine bonds in RNS-COM and RNS-MTG was shown by Sodium Dodecyl Sulphate Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis analysis. Scanning Electron Microscope showed that compared to others, the structure of RNS-COM was denser, smoother with extensive apparent interconnectivity of aggregates.
- PublicationEffect Of Maleic Anhydride Grafting On Properties Of Bamboo And Jute Fibres Woven Fabric Reinforced Polylactic Acid Composites(2022-12)Tham Mun WaiPolymers like polylactic acid (PLA) is environmentally friendly with good tensile properties. However, impact strength of PLA is low. Hence, mechanically stronger bamboo and jute fibre fabrics were used as reinforcement. In this study, bamboo fibre fabric/PLA and jute fibre fabric/PLA composites were fabricated and studied. Firstly, effect of fibre content; 20 and 30 wt% on the properties of composites.
- PublicationEffects Of High Fiber Multigrain Supplementation On Clinical Disease Measures, Inflammatory Biomarkers, Nutritional Status And Quality Of Life Among Moderate To Severe Rheumatoid Arthritis Patients(2022-10)Abdul Latif, Farzana AthirahRheumatoid Arthritis (RA) is a chronic inflammatory, autoimmune rheumatic disease, resulting in progressive joint inflammation and destruction attributed by a combination of genetic and environmental factor. The current RA drugs may help slow the disease's progression, but they may cause side effects. Due to the potential side effects, many RA patients swifted to other alternative remedies. Dietary nutritional components have been demonstrated to influence inflammation, oxidative stress, and disease progression. With the aforementioned, this study is aimed to evaluate the effect of high fiber multigrain supplementation on (1) clinical disease symptoms, (2) inflammation status, (3) antioxidant and oxidative stress level (4) nutritional status, quality of life and functionality in RA patients. Fifty-one RA patients were recruited from Rheumatology Unit, Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia, and randomly assigned into either high fiber multigrain supplement (n=25; standard rheumatic medication + 80g/d multigrain) or control (n=26; standard rheumatic medication) groups for 12 weeks. Clinical assessments were improved significantly in the supplement group; as evident by reductions in disease activity score (DAS 28) (p<0.05), morning stiffness rating scale (p<0.01), joint scale (p<0.05) and pain scale (p<0.01).
- PublicationEffects Of Pineapple Consumptions On Sensory Perceptions, Somatosensation And Taste Threshold(2023-02)Romli, Siti RashimaThis study aims to determine the effects of pineapple consumptions on sensory perceptions, somatosensation, and taste threshold. The acceptance and consumption of pineapples among consumers were surveyed, and physicochemical and sensory acceptance of three pineapple varieties planted in the northern part of peninsular Malaysia (Moris, N36, and MD2) at various maturity stages were determined. The survey was conducted online with 167 respondents using a self-administrated questionnaire. A total of 28.1% of respondents refuse to eat pineapple because it causes an unpleasant feeling on the tongue (61.7%) and affects taste sensation (19.1%) after consumption. Although consuming fresh pineapple causes tongue irritation, consumers still prefer fresh fruit (61%) over processed pineapple due to its vitamin C, fibres, and bromelain enzyme, as well as its appealing flavour. Principal component analysis (PCA) plot with 80.16% variance shows that physicochemical properties such as lightness (L value), textures, titratable acidity, and vitamin C are important factors that influence consumer acceptance of the fruit. Pineapples harvested at Index 4 and Index 5 are suitable for fresh fruit consumption due to the texture and sensory acceptance of the fruit. Moris and N36 pineapples are nearly identical (>80% similarity) in terms of physicochemical properties and consumer acceptance, whereas MD2 has distinct organoleptic qualities such as being sweeter, less acidic, higher in vitamin C and more aromatic compared to Moris and N36.
- PublicationIntegration Of Sodium Alginate With Bacillus Subtilis As Microbial Composite For Fertilizer Coating Towards Green Agriculture(2022-06)Charles, Ng Wai ChunCoating is a protective material that is applied to an object's surface such as fertilizer for various purposes. In this research, microbial composite film was fabricated by integrating sodium alginate with different mass of Bacillus subtilis. The films were tested on its physical, mechanical, chemical, and microbial properties. Then, study was conducted to improve the conductivity, moisture content and added micronutrient of microbial composite films for plants as supplement. Subsequently, organic goat manures as fertilizers were coated with different layers of microbial composite films coating via different drying techniques. Next, plant growth analysis and soil nutrients analysis were conducted by applying fertilizers of no coating, sodium alginate coating, and microbial composite coating (1-layer coating and 2-layer coating) to the plants to see its effect on the nutrients transfer. Furthermore, mathematical modelling was developed for soil nutrients analysis. It is found that 0.5 g bacterial cell mass from log phase had the most significant effect on the properties of the films. Then, by mixing microbial composite solution with 40 ppm copper ions and 1% glycerol render the highest conductivity to the films which is helpful in plant growth. It is also found that both 30-minutes drying and 24-hour drying technique did not give significant difference on the thickness of films and hence, 30-minutes drying technique was chosen as it saved time and cost in the process.
- PublicationKinetic Parameter Studies Of Activated Sludge Process For Anaerobic Pre-Treated Palm Oil Mill Effluent(2007-05)Che Ibrahim, Ahmad KamarulnajuibA study on the evaluation of kinetic parameters for activated sludge process treating palm oil mill effluents is reported. It is hypothesized that kinetic parameters are applicable for analyzing the performance of activated sludge process for treating high strength palm oil mill effluents (POME). The kinetic parameters were obtained through bench-scale continuous flow experimental studies and batch studies using respirometry technique. The studies utilized samples of POME obtained from a facultative pond from an existing palm oil mill. The bench scale studies were conducted by treating the POME in three modes: first, the sample POME was mixed with activated carbon; second, the sample as a perforated plastic as a medium was submerged in the sample and third, the sample was used as is without being mixed with the activated carbon or any medium. The activated carbon was made from palm kernel and was prepared as well as characterized in the laboratory.
- PublicationMechanical Properties And Thermal Characteristics Of Sandwich Composite Panel From Spent Mushroom Substrate And Empty Fruit Bunch Fibers Towards Heat Insulation Application(2022-06)Khir, Mohammad Aliff Shakir Mohamad JamilThe growing demand for eco-friendly products and materials has prompted several studies on the potentials of natural waste fiber such as coconut husk and sugarcane bagasse as composite panels towards heat insulation application. However, research on composite panels fabricated of the spent mushroom substrate (SMS) and empty fruit bunch (EFB) fibers for insulating purposes is limited properties and thermal characteristic, controlled by a range of parameters. Thus, only a few research have looked at the impact parameters of fiber ratio and fibrillation degree. There are less researcher concentrated on the fabrication process using sandwich composite approach. Therefore, this study aimed to characterize the physico-chemical properties of SMS and EFB fibers towards sandwich composite panel fabrication process; to evaluate the properties and thermal characteristic of the sandwich composite panel at different SMS and EFB fibers ratios and; to assess the effect of EFB fiber fibrillation degree on its properties and thermal characteristic. To achieve these objectives, the SMS and EFB fibers physico-chemical properties in terms of chemical composition, particle size and thermal degradation temperature were characterized and compared with fresh rubberwood sawdust (FRS) fiber
- PublicationPenghasilan Komposit Poliuretana-Kenaf Menggunakan Pengacuanan Tidak Balas Suntikan(2012-07)Abu Bakar, AzizahDalam kajian ini, komposit poliuretana (PU) telah dihasilkan dengan menggunakan difenilmetana diisosianat (MDI) dan gliserol yang diperkuat dengan gentian kenaf. Poliuretana dihasilkan dengan menggunakan mesin pengacuanan suntikan tindak balas (RIM) mengikut formulasi yang tertentu. Manakala tikar gentian kenaf dihasilkan menggunakan mesin penyisirkasaran dan penumbuk-jejarum. Kesan-kesan nisbah isosianat dengan hidroksil NCO/OH dan peratusan berat gentian kenaf terhadap komposit PU diperkuat gentian telah dikaji. Berdasarkan pemerhatian, didapati sifat komposit PU yang dihasilkan dipengaruhi oleh peratusan gentian kenaf dan juga nisbah NCO/OH yang digunakan dengan ketara. Kesan proses penumbukan-jejarum ke atas tikar gentian kenaf yang dihasilkan juga memberikan kesan terhadap komposit PU. Daripada analisis pengimejan SEM, didapati rangkaian telah terbentuk di antara matriks PU dan gentian kenaf. Selain itu, fenomena mengunci di antara matriks PU dan gentian kenaf juga dapat diperhatikan, iaitu penyerapan matriks ke dalam kapilari gentian kenaf.