Pusat Pengajian Teknologi Industri - Tesis
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Browsing Pusat Pengajian Teknologi Industri - Tesis by Type "master thesis"
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- PublicationA Comprehensive Study On Microbial Activity And Lipids Extraction From Chicken By-Product Waste Via Supercritical Carbon Dioxide For Biodiesel Production(2022-02)Muhammad Khalish Mohammad IliasThere is an increasing concern on the safe disposal and sustainable utilization of chicken by-product waste to minimize adverse environmental impacts. The disposal of chicken by-product waste into the landfill leads to the release of antibiotics resistant bacteria into the environment. However, chicken by-product waste contains about 50% fat. The presence of the enormous volume of fat content (about 50 wt.%) in the chicken by-product waste indicates that it could be utilized as a potential low-cost feedstock for biodiesel production. In the present study, the supercritical CO2 (scCO2) technology was utilized to sterilize the chicken by-product waste to ensure safe handling for the subsequent processing towards sustainable utilization of the waste byproduct. The presence of bacteria in the chicken by-product waste and their antibiotics susceptibility were identified. The experimental conditions of scCO2 sterilization were optimized based on the inactivation of the antibiotics resistance bacteria in chicken byproduct waste using Response Surface Methodology (RSM). The optimum experimental conditions for the complete inactivation of the antibiotics resistance bacteria in sterilized chicken by-product waste were scCO2 pressure 18 MPa, temperature 60 oC, and treatment time 45 min. The supercritical CO2 (scCO2) extraction is employed to separate lipids from sterilized chicken by-product waste for biodiesel production. The experimental conditions of scCO2 separation were optimized based on the maximum separation lipids from chicken by-product waste using Response Surface Methodology (RSM).
- PublicationA Study On The Dual Application Of Black Soldier Fly Larvae (Hermetia Illucens): Protein-Rich Animal Feed And Biological Polyhydroxybutyrate (Phb) Extraction Agent(2021-11)Lydia Binti MohamadThis study investigated the effect of different feeding strategies of black soldier fly larvae (BSFL) on the crude protein content of black soldier fly pre-pupae (BSFP) and to biologically extract the polymer by modifying the diet with bacterial cells containing polymer, PHB
- PublicationAdhesion Properties Of Benzoly Peroxide Crosslinked Epoxidized Natural Rubber (ENR 25) - Based Pressure Sensitive Adhesives(2014-10)Suid, Nurul HamizaThe objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of crosslinking density, rate of testing and thickness coating on the adhesion properties of epoxidized natural rubber (ENR 25)-based adhesives using coumarone-indene, gum rosin and petroresin as the tacki fiers. Toluene and polyethylene terephthalate (PET) were used as solvent and coating substrate respectively. A SHEEN hand coater was used to coat the adhesive on the substrate. All adhesion properties were determined by a LJyod Adhesion Tester operating at different rates of testing. Results showed that the adhesion properties of ENR 25-based adhesive increased with crosslink density and reduced again after the optimum crosslink. The loop tack and peel strength of cournarone-indene, gum rosin and petroresin passed through a maximum value at I parts per hundred parts of rubber (phr), 2 phr and 3 phr benzoyl peroxide concentration respectively, an observation which was attributed to the optimum crosslinking of ENR 25 where optimum cohesive and adhesive strength was obtained.
- PublicationAdulteration Detection Of Stingless Bee Honey Using Untargeted 1h-Nmr Metabolomics In Addressing The Limitation Of Stable Carbon Isotope Ratio Analysis(2022-09)Yong Chin HongAs stingless bee honey (SBH) is gaining in popularity in the Malaysian market, it is now prone to adulteration. Some studies have found that the nutritional values of SBH may be similar if not more than honey bee honey (HBH), The higher price of SBH as compared to HBH has led to the use of unusual adulterants such as vinegar and even HBH to mimic the unique taste and appearance of SBH. To determine the authenticity of honey in general, the current internationally accepted method used is the Association of Official Analytical Chemists (AOAC) Internal Standard Carbon Isotope Ratio Analysis (ISCIRA) method.
- PublicationAnti-candida And Microbiota Properties Of Breastmilk(2023-08)Nisaa, Azka AinunBreast milk has been reported to exert a beneficial effect in countering a variety of infections that has been exposed to the mother during her life, because antibodies are transferred to breast milk via mammary glands, a branching epithelial structure, consisting of milk-transporting lactiferous ducts and alveoli. While vaginal infections may occur randomly in women, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) reported that pregnant women had a higher prevalence, which increased the risk of preterm and systemic infections in the newborn (CDC, 2022). Vaginal infections remain a major concern in obstetrics and gynecology because it has been shown that the mother's vaginal microbiota can pass directly to the baby after vaginal delivery. This study aimed to investigate the different immunological, antimicrobial properties and microbiota profiles of breast milk from women with (W) or without (WO) vaginal yeast infections during pregnancy in 85 lactating women (W, n= 43; WO, n= 42). Immuno-modulatory properties of breast milk which was determined by commercial enzyme-linked immunoabsorbent assay (ELISA) had shown that concentrations of IL-10, IgA, IgM, IgG, EGF, and TGF-α were similar in both groups. However, breast milk of women aged below 31 years old from the W-group showed higher concentration of EGF than the WO-group (p=0.031). Inhibitory activity of breast milk against vaginal Candida was performed via aggregation and growth inhibition of yeast cells. Breast milk from WO-group exhibited higher anti-Candida properties than W-group (p<0.001).
- PublicationAntibacterial Effects Of Phomopsidione Isolated From Diaporthe Fraxini Against Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus Aureus (Mrsa) With Gene Expression And Metabolomics Profiling(2023-08)Wei, Yee MinThe rising prevalence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) pathogens has contributed to a high mortality rate due to overuse and misuse of antibiotics. Among the MDR pathogens, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is the most threatening and poses the greatest impact on public health. Thus far, many bioactive ketone derivatives have been reported as anti-MRSA agents. Phomopsidione (C7H10O4), a bioactive ketone derivative isolated from Diaporthe fraxini, has previously demonstrated antibacterial effects. The present study was aimed to investigate the antibacterial and anti-biofilm effects of phomopsidione against MRSA and determine the phomopsidione-mediated modulation in virulence factors production. Additionally, the changes in gene expression and metabolites profile of MRSA in response to phomopsidione were examined. In broth microdilution assay, phomopsidione exhibited significant inhibitory activity against MRSA with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of 62.5 and 500.00 μg/mL, respectively. In crystal violet biofilm assay, phomopsidione inhibited and eradicated biofilm in a concentration-dependent manner. Phomopsidione showed significant reduction in the virulence factors production of MRSA at MIC and MBC when assessed using quantification of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS), catalase and lipase production assays.
- PublicationAquaculture Production And Employee Wellness Between Brackish Water And Freshwater Farmers In Penang State(2023-09)Zain, Nur Syafiqah MatIntroduction: Aquaculture is seen as an essential food-producing sector for improving global food security and nutrition indices. The sustainability of the aquaculture industry depends strongly on the space, environment, ecology, economy, industry, human behaviour and the policy. Nevertheless, the overall aquaculture industry inherent lack of professional guidance and technical efficiency, and the intention of sustainable technologies utilization is often underreporting. This cross-sectional study evaluated the aquaculture stakeholders’ adoption readiness, perceived behaviour and determinant barriers towards sustainable aquaculture technologies. The study also examined the health complaints, mental status and quality of life of aquaculture workers. Methodology: A list of registered aquaculture farms was obtained from the Penang State Fisheries Department. Subsequently, an invitation letter was issued officially to all the listed aquaculture stakeholders, followed by individual telephone calls and research intention briefing. Aquaculture stakeholders were interviewed, and information about production trend, sales, management, technology adoption readiness, and barriers were gathered. The aquaculture workers' health complaints were collected, and mental health status was evaluated as means of depression, anxiety, stress and self-esteem. Self-perceived quality of life was assessed using a structured questionnaire. Results: The study involved the participation of 88 (84.6%) brackish water and 16 (15.4%) freshwater aquaculture stakeholders
- PublicationBiological Treatment Of Spent Coffee Ground (Scg) And Its Influence On The Mechanical Properties Of Biopolymer Composite(2023-09)Boey, Jet YinThis study aimed to develop biomass-reinforced biocomposites by employing spent coffee grounds (SCG) as reinforcement material and poly(lactic acid) (PLA), and poly(hydroxyalkanoate) (PHA) as the matrix. The investigation focused on assessing the effect of SCG content (10–40 wt%) and the PHA/PLA ratio (100/0, 75/25, 50/50, 25/75, and 0/100) on the properties of these biocomposites. The compounding process was conducted using a twin-screw extruder at a temperature of 220˚C at the feeding zone and 210˚C at the mixing zone at a rotating speed of 75 rpm. The mixture was then cooled and pelletized before it was compressed at a temperature of 190˚C using compression moulding for biocomposites making. The biocomposites were then cut according to the different testing dimensions. Incorporating SCG lowered the mechanical properties, primarily due to its incompatibility with the PHA/PLA matrix. This observation was confirmed through morphological analysis, which revealed a gap between the SCG and the matrix. SCG displayed a tendency to aggregate at loading of 40 wt%, leading to increased void formation (8.2–9.1%) compared to lower loading at 10 wt% (7.6–8.1%). A PHA/PLA ratio (50/50) with SCG loading (20 wt%) was chosen to make biocomposites with treated SCG. Biological treatment of SCG using P. chrysosporium CK01 and A. niger DWA8 indicated P. chrysosporium CK01 necessitated a higher moisture content (55%, w/w) for optimum growth and enzyme production, while the optimal condition for enzyme production differed from those promoting A. niger DWA8 growth.
- PublicationCharacterisation Of Bacteriocin-Like Inhibitory Substances Derived From Locally Isolated Lactobacillus Paracasei Fd1 And Its Synergic Impact With Antibiotics(2022-09)Tang Hock WeiThe goal of this research is to minimise antibiotic use while also looking at the synergistic impact of antibiotics and BLIS produced by locally isolated lactic acid bacteria, Lactobacillus paracasei FD1, from fermented durian. Synergistic effect was combining BLIS, BLIS MIC, and BLIS IC50 with antibiotics at working concentrations for antibiotics that show zero effectiveness against multidrug resistance, while BLIS, BLIS MIC, and BLIS IC50 combined with MIC and IC50 of antibiotics that show ability to inhibit multidrug resistance.
- PublicationCharacterization Of Carbohydrate And Protein Accumulation In Oil Palm Trees(2018-09)Natra, Joseph StalinThis study characterized the accumulation of non-structural carbohydrate and protein in the oil palm trees. The starch and sugar are the main constituent contained in non-structural-carbohydrate. In this research, the starch and sugar accumulation in standing oil palm trees are characterized based on different growth conditions, then further analysed based position along the oil palm stem and influence of the weather fluctuation. The effect of storing on non-structural carbohydrate and protein content based on height in felled oil palm trunk also has been characterized. In the study on standing oil palm trees, eight oil palm trees was selected and divided equally into two different groups which are Non-Fruit Removal Trees (NFRT) and Fruit Removal Trees (FRT).
- PublicationCharacterization Of Oil Palm Shell Nano Filler In Hybrid Kenaf/Coconut Fibres Reinforced Polyester Composites(2014-09)September 2014In this research, hybrid kenaflcoconut fibres reinforced polyester composites were developed and enhanced with nano filler Oil Palm Shell (OPS). The raw OPS was subjected to grinding followed by high-energy ball milling for 30 hours to become OPS nano particles. Characterization of OPS nano filler such as surface morphologies, elemental composition and functional groups were evaluated by using Scanning Electron Microscopy equipped with Energy Dispersive X-ray Analysis (SEM with EDX), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR) respectively. The SEM-EDX images revealed that OPS nano filler produced consisted of crushed and irregular shape structures with presence of carbon and oxygen as a major elements composition. Besides, Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM), X-ray Diffraction (XRD) and Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA) were used to characterize particle size, crystallinity index and thermal properties of OPS nano filler respectively. The TEM micrograph revealed that OPS particles size ranged between 10 to 30 nm indicates their nanometric nature.
- PublicationCombination Of Aspergillus Niger Fermentation And Broken Rice As Coagulant For Treatment Of Palm Oil Mill Effluents(2023-08)Kamaludin, RamizahOne of the biggest issues faced by the palm oil industry is the released POME in their daily production. Prior to being released into the environment, palm oil mill effluent (POME) is frequently treated at industrial scale using ponding systems. The primary goal of this study was to treat POME prior discharge into environment at established standard limit. When Aspergillus niger was used to treat the collected POME, its critical parameters, including chemical oxygen demand, total suspended solids, phosphorus content, ammoniacal nitrogen content, and its amylase activity, were monitored throughout the fermentation. Before starting the fermentation of the POME in the 2.5 L stirred-tank bioreactor, the POME was pretreated with various sonification frequencies. The POME fermentation in the shake flask was initially carried out by varying the pH value. The pH and the sonification frequency were used as a pretreatment before starting the biological treatment. The best pH value and sonification frequency with the highest chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal percentage was then selected. The secondary treatment, which involves the coagulation treatment utilizing broken rice as the natural coagulant, was also continued on the treated POME. The influence of temperature, pH, curing time, and broken rice dose was assessed for this treatment's coagulation via optimization using one-factor-at-a-time (OFAT).
- PublicationComparison Of Carbon Oxidation Losses From A Bare Drained Peatland Using Different Techniques(2023-09)Mos, HasimahDrainage and cultivation of peatlands will lead to subsidence and mineralization of organic matter that increases C loss as more CO2 is emitted. Measurement of CO2 emissions were made at a newly logged-over peat swamp area that has been cleared of vegetation. Three different methods were used; eddy covariance, soil chamber and soil subsidence measurements to derive CO2 emissions in this study. The average above ground CO2 flux rate measured by the eddy covariance technique was 5.13±0.12 μmol CO2 m-2 s-1 (or 71.18 tonnes CO2 ha-1 year-1). The soil CO2 efflux rate measured by the soil chamber technique was 3.88±0.15 μmol CO2 m-2 s-1 (or 53.84 tonnes CO2 ha-1 year-1). Subsidence amounted to 1.21±0.13 cm year-1 over the measured year, which corresponds to 24.60 tonnes CO2 ha-1 year-1. Differences in estimated C losses might not depend exclusively on the method of measurement, but also on the area and period of measurements. This could be attributed to the spatial and temporal variability, measuring techniques, environmental conditions, and heterogeneity of peat properties. In this study, the soil chamber method was found to be a reliable and cost-effective approach for assessing carbon loss compared to eddy covariance and subsidence techniques. The study provides valuable information on carbon emission baseline from peat due to drainage-induced oxidation that excludes the plant root respiration component. The data will be helpful in making decisions about Malaysia's future peatland agricultural development.
- PublicationEffect Of Cellulosic Material From Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunches (Opefb) On The Reinforcement Properties Of Recycled Paper(2017-12)Abdul Rahman, Khairul HafizuddinThe use of recycled fibers in the Malaysian paper industry has been an economic and environmental necessity due to the limited availability of virgin fiber. However, with each recycling, the paper strength decreases, hence different methods are employed to increase its strength potentials. Various forms of oil palm cellulosic materials viz. OPEFB-UB. OPEFB-OZP, OPEFB-MCC and OPEFB-TEMPO were used to enhanced the strength properties of the recycled paper that were obtained from the old corrugated container (OCC).
- PublicationEffect Of Superheated Steam (Shs) Pre-Treatment On Quality Of Fish Oil From Catfish (C/Arias Batrachus)(2015-01)Veeriah, HarivaindaranSuperheated steam (SHS), a dry steam with temperature higher than boiling point that operates without the presence of oxygen is used to pre-treat catfish, Clarius batrachus, before being subsequently pressed via hydraulic press to obtain fish oil. Fish were first cleaned and reduced in size before being treated with SHS at 150°C, 200°C, 250°C, for 10, 15, 20 min for each temperature. Fish are then transferred into a mould, pressed using a hydraulic press and the resulting aliquot is centrifuged and oil is collected. Quality of the resulting fish oil is studied in terms of yield, colour, oxidation, thermal analysis and fatty acid composition. Yield of the catfish oil showed higher values when heated with higher temperatures of SHS, the highest being the 250°C, 20 minutes pre-treatment (8.91 gram/gram fish, significantly different at p> 0.05) which was incidentally lower than solvent extraction and this fact has been proven in past literature. Colour analysis showed tendency towards a darker yellow colour as treatment time and temperature increased. In terms free fatty acids (FFA) values, solvent extracted raw catfish oil had the highest and most significant value (2.56% oleic acid) and this reflected in high acid value beyond that of acceptable edible oil standard. However, peroxide values were mostly insignificantly different. The extent of oxidative damage was obvious in the p-anisidine values whereby at 250°C, 20 minutes pre-treatment, there was a sharp rise to 12.05 which, although significantly different, was still within edible oil standard.
- PublicationEffects Of Different Gelling Agents And Puree Content In The Preparation Of Red Pitaya Fruits (Hylocereus Polyrhizus) Gummy Candy(2015-02)Romli, Siti RashimaGummy fruit candy based on red pitaya fruit iHylocerens polyrhizusi was developed using high-methoxyl pectin (HMP) and fish gelatin (FG) as gelling agents. Different types of gummy candy were prepared based on various formulations using two concentrations (20 and 25 %, w/w) of red pitaya puree (RPP) and different gelling agent to water ratios (pectin/water
- PublicationEffects Of Lactobacillus Spp. Against Vaginal Candidiasis In Pregnant Women(2022-09)Ang, Xin YeeThis study aimed to investigate the effects of lactobacilli probiotics in preventing the recurrences of vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC) in 78 pregnant women with VVC (probiotic, n = 39; placebo, n = 39) and the potential benefits on quality of life. The lactobacilli probiotic (SynForU-HerCare; two capsules/day of 9.5 log CFU/capsule) or placebo was administered for 8-weeks in a randomized, double-blind, and placebo-controlled study. Subjects were assessed for vaginal and gut health conditions at week-0, 4, and 8 via questionnaires and analyzed vaginal microbiota and inflammatory changes. The vulvovaginal symptom questionnaire covered vulvovaginal symptoms and quality of life. Probiotic group was exhibited the reduction of irritation (P=0.023) and discharge (P=0.011) starting week-4 and continued after week-8 (P<0.05) as compared to the placebo. Probiotic group was exhibited the reduction of concern about symptoms after week-4 (P=0.010) and continued after week-8 (P=0.001), accompanied by reduced impairment of daily activities (P=0.012) and continued after week-8 (P=0.026). Probiotic group was exhibited the reduction of recurrences of both emotional and social stress compared to the placebo at both week-4 and week-8 (P<0.05). Probiotic group showed higher defecation times per week at week-4 (P=0.010) and week-8 (P=0.001) compared to the placebo group.
- PublicationEffects Of Process Parameters On Geobacter Sulfurreducens And Bacillus Subtilis From Dewatered Sludge For Electricity Generation In Membrane – Less Microbial Fuel Cell(2022-08)Mohd Sabri, Muhammad Najib IkmalThe membrane-less microbial fuel cell (ML-MFC) is a cutting-edge renewable energy technology that might help to solve the world's energy dilemma. Electrogenic bacteria (EB) which are Geobacter sulfurreducens (GS) and Bacillus subtilis (BS) served as a biocatalyst in the ML-MFC, allowing it to create power electrochemically. The ML-MFC employed dewatered sludge from two separate wastewater treatment plants (A – IWK Juru and B – IWK Butterworth). From the analysis of elements, sludge A showed a large amount of magnesium and calcium elements than sludge B which facilitate electron transfer in ML - MFC. The performance of the ML-MFC utilising sludge A and B as substrate were then assessed using the one-factor-at-a-time (OFAT) approach, followed by response surface methodology (RSM) using a quadratic model through Central Composite Design. The best pH 9, electrode distance (ED) 4 cm, the moisture content (MC) 40 % (v/w) and the temperature 40 ℃ obtained the optimum responses; biomass (1.88 mg/L), COD removal 46.52 % (202 mg/L) and power density ( 7.406 mW/m2) in the preliminary OFAT research. The voltage was effectively enhanced by utilising the optimal conditions recommended by the RSM. As stated by the kinetics growth of EB shows that in RSM parameter conveys a significant specific growth rate (μ) (21.005 mg(Lh−1))and doubling time (Td) (0.033mgh-1).
- PublicationEnhanced Production Of Nitrate Reductase By Lactic Acid Bacteria For The Synthesize Of Silver Nanoparticles(2023-03)Loi Hsean RenAmong the emerging nanotechnology, silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) get much attention due to their unique physicochemical. The present study aimed to optimize nitrate reductase production in lactic acid bacteria (LAB) for enhanced production of AgNPs. LAB isolates were screened for nitrate reduction ability and their activities were quantified using nitrate reductase enzyme assay. Lactobacillus plantarum CAM 4 was selected for the optimization of nitrate reductase activity due to highest nitrate reductase activity measured among LAB isolates.
- PublicationEnhancement Of Bamboo Nanofiller In Pineapple Leaf Fiber Reinforced Polyester Composites(2016-08)Wahid, ZulqarnainIn this research, pineapple leaf fiber (PALF) reinforced polyester composites were developed and enhanced with nanofiller bamboo particles. Characterization of bamboo nanofiller such as surface morphologies, elemental composition and functional groups were evaluated by using Scanning Electron Microscopy equipped with Energy Dispersive X-ray Analysis (SEM with EDX) and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR) respectively. The SEM-EDX images revealed that bamboo nanofiller produced consisted of crushed and irregular shape structures with presence of carbon and oxygen as a major elements composition. Besides, Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM), X-ray Diffraction (XRD) and Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA) were used to characterize particle size, crystallinity index and thermal properties of bamboo nanofiller respectively. The TEM micrograph revealed that bamboo particles size ranged between 10 to 30 nm indicates their nanometric nature. Percentage crystallinity of bamboo nanofiller by XRD analysis comes out to be 42.90%, show its lower degree of crystallinity index. Effect of different filler loading (O, l, 3, and 5 wt %) of bamboo nanofiller into pineapple leaf fiber (PALF) reinforced polyester composites were studied.
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