Publication: Development Of Green Microextraction-Based Deep Eutectic Solvents For The Extraction Of Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs In Milk Samples
Date
2025-08
Authors
Hashim, Nor Munira
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Abstract
The pervasive use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) in human and veterinary medicine, despite their efficacy in managing inflammation and pain, has led to substantial environmental and food safety concerns. NSAIDs often undergo incomplete absorption in human and animal digestive systems, resulting in their persistent presence in water, milk, and other animal-derived products. This residue accumulation poses significant threats to both ecological integrity and human health. Existing methods for extracting and detecting NSAIDs residues often lack sufficient sensitivity and environmental compatibility. Given the pressing need for advanced, environmentally sustainable extraction methods, this study introduces magnetic hydrophobic deep eutectic solvents (Fe3O4@HDES-2) as a novel sorbent to extract NSAIDs from milk samples. The Fe3O4@HDES-2 was successfully synthesized and characterized using a variety of characterisation techniques, including FT-IR, SEM, TEM, BET, VSM, TGA, point of zero analysis, NMR analysis, and powder contact angle measurements. Adsorption site analysis study using Material Studio for substantiated the selection of HDES-2 as a functionalised agent, suggesting a favourable adsorption mechanism that harmonised with empirical findings. Adsorption studies were undertaken to elucidate the adsorption mechanism between Fe3O4@HDES-2 and selected model of NSAIDs.
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Keywords
Development Of Green Microextraction-Based Deep Eutectic Solvents , The Extraction Of Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs , Milk Samples